Issuing an alert based on mobile user device location

ABSTRACT

Issuing an alert with respect to a first physical area includes determining a location of a mobile user device of a user with respect to the first physical area controlled by a entity, following determining the current location, remotely configuring the mobile user device to detect when the device is within a predefined proximity to one or more second physical areas within the first physical area, and, in response to detecting that the device is within the predefined proximity, issuing the alert to one or more parties. Issuing an alert with respect to a first physical area may also include placing one or more wireless beacons that transmit beacon signals relative to the one or more second physical areas, where detecting that the device is within the predefined proximity includes the device detecting at least one of the beacon signals transmitted from the one or more wireless beacons.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent applicationNo. 62/750,452 filed on Oct. 25, 2018 titled “Security and SafetyAccess,” which is incorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application is directed to the field of remote monitoring andmanagement of a user device of a visitor/employee on a site inconnection with granting access to data, things and physical areas andmore particularly to aspects of scheduling and data management ofvisitors, vehicles and goods approaching the site in connection withgranting access.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Today there are many disparate systems and procedures involved inmanaging visitor access to a site, building or other physical area. Forexample, some sites have a gate or other obstruction to control vehiclesentering a site by vehicle. A driver of a vehicle may need to presentidentification (e.g., a driver's license) to a guard or present a card(or other item) to a scanner/reader to authenticate the identity of thedriver, other passengers and/or the vehicle, and to verify that thedriver, passenger(s) and/or vehicle are allowed access to the site. Insome cases, the owner of the vehicle (hauler) and the driver may need topresent data about the vehicle. It may also be necessary to present dataabout the goods using, for example, a COA (Certificate of Analysis) forchemical goods. Similarly, a building may have a lobby or entry areathat serves as a reception area that is a visitor access point to asite. At the reception area, visitors may need to present identificationto a guard and/or present a card (or other item) to a scanner/reader toauthenticate the identity of the visitor and verify that the visitor isallowed access to the building and/or site.

At such access points to a site, information about the one or morevisitors (or vehicles) may be provided manually by a visitor (e.g.,orally or via a kiosk or terminal), collected manually by a securityguard or receptionist, and/or collected automatically, e.g., by ascanner/reader. Such information may be used to screen visitors (e.g.,against watch lists) and otherwise authenticate and/or verifyauthorization of the user to proceed beyond the access point into theremainder of the building or site. Such information may be used tomaintain detailed logs of visits to the building or site.

Depending on security concerns, visitors may not be allowed to bringcertain items into the building or site, including, for example, acamera, smart phone or any other type of device capable of recordingaudio or video and/or receiving or transmitting wireless communications.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the system described herein, managing visitor access to oneor more resources within a physical area includes a mobile user deviceof a visitor associated to the physical area with a secure componenthaving stored thereon at least one credential for authorizing the mobileuser device to communicate transactions with other components of thesystem, one or more components remotely located from the mobile userdevice and communicatively coupled with the mobile user device, the oneor more components including one or more data structures that define aplurality of entities and associate one or more attributes with the oneor more entities corresponding to access to the one or more resources,and a first application to manage access of the visitor to the one ormore resources based on the one or more data structures and informationcommunicated by the mobile user device to the one or more components inone or more transactions that are authorized using the at least onecredential. The credential may be a block chain credential and thetransactions may be block chain transactions. The mobile user device maybe locally coupled to the secure component. The secure component may beinternal to the mobile user device. The entities may include a physicalarea, the visitor and an entity on whose behalf the visitor is actingand the information communicated by the mobile user device may includean identification of the visitor. The one or more entities may includethe visitor with attributes of the visitor corresponding to access tothe one or more resources, a process associated with the physical area,and one or more rules defining conditions and actions corresponding tothe process. The information communicated by the mobile user device mayinclude an identification of the visitor and the first application maymanage access by the visitor to the one or more resources based at leastin part on the one or more data structures defining the visitor, theprocess and the one or more rules. At least a first of the one or morecomponents may be located within or in close physical proximity to thephysical area. The first component may control access to the physicalarea. At least a first of the one or more components may not be locatedin close physical proximity to the physical area. The system may alsoinclude one or more servers that store transactions resulting fromvisitor access to the physical area as block chain transactions of ablock chain. The one or more entities may include a first entity onwhose behalf the visitor is acting and a second entity that controls thephysical area. The one or more data structures may include one or moreblock chain transactions defining rules and actions constituting a smartcontract between the first entity and the second entity. The firstapplication may access the one or more block chain transactions toexecute the smart contract while the visitor is within the physicalarea. The secure component may include a trusted platform module. Thesecure component may have stored thereon at least one cryptographic keyfor secure communication between the mobile user device and othercomponents of the system. The mobile user device may have an applicationthereon to access the one or more resources within the physical area.The secure component may have stored thereon at least one securecredential for validation of the application and the first applicationmay validate the application using the at least one secure credentialthereby enabling execution of the application on the mobile user device.At least a portion of the first application may be located on at leastone of the one or more components. At least a portion of the firstapplication may be located on the mobile user device. The firstapplication managing access of the visitor to the one or more resourcesmay include managing access of the visitor to the physical area. Thefirst application may remotely control the mobile user device while theuser is within the physical area. The one or more attributes associatedwith the one or more entities may include attributes corresponding tosafety of the visitor while within the physical area.

According further to the system described herein, controlling activitywithin a first physical area under control of a first entity includesdetermining a current location of a mobile user device of a userrelative to the first physical area, where the mobile user device is notaffiliated with the first entity and the first entity remotelycontrolling one or more capabilities of the mobile user device while themobile user device is located within, or within a predefined proximityof, the first physical area. Remotely controlling may include disablingWIFI communication capabilities and disabling wireless telephonycommunication capabilities. Remotely controlling may include allowingGPS and near field communication capabilities to remain enabled.Controlling activity within a first physical area under control of afirst entity may also include providing one or more access codes forthings located within the first physical area. Determining a currentlocation may include determining that the user device is within apredefined proximity to one or more second physical areas within thefirst physical area and, in response to detecting that the user deviceis within the predefined proximity, issuing an alert to one or moreparties. The first physical area may include a reception area.Determining the current location of the mobile user device may includedetermining that the mobile user device is leaving the reception areaand the first entity may control disabling one or more capabilities ofthe mobile user device in response to determining that the user isleaving the reception area. The mobile user device may have anapplication thereon for controlling activity within the first physicalarea under control of the first entity and determining the currentlocation of the mobile user device may include determining that themobile user device is approaching the first physical area. Controllingactivity within a first physical area under control of a first entitymay include, in response to determining that the mobile user device isapproaching the first physical area, validating the application using asecure credential to enable execution of the application to allow thefirst entity to remotely control the one or more capabilities of themobile user device while the mobile user device is located within apredefined proximity of the first physical area. Controlling activitywithin a first physical area under control of a first entity may includeaccessing a secure component that provides a secure platform havingstored thereon at least one block chain credential for authorizing themobile user device to communicate block chain transactions with one ormore components affiliated with the first entity and the mobile userdevice using the block chain credential to communicate block chaintransactions with the one or more components in connection with thefirst entity remotely controlling the one or more capabilities of themobile user device. The secure component may be contained within adongle locally coupled to the mobile user device. Remotely controllingmay include allowing the user device to read QRC labels and/or detectRFID signals from things within the first physical area. In response tothe detecting the mobile user device leaving the first physical area,the first entity may cease remote control of the mobile user device. Anon-transitory computer-readable medium may contain software thatcontrols activity within a first physical area under control of a firstentity, the software including executable code that performs the stepsdescribed previously when executed by a processor. A system may controlactivity within a first physical area under control of a first entityand the system may have means that perform one or more of the stepsdescribed previously.

According further to the system described herein, issuing an alert withrespect to a first physical area includes determining a location of amobile user device of a user with respect to the first physical areacontrolled by a first entity, following determining the currentlocation, remotely configuring the mobile user device to detect when themobile user device is within a predefined proximity to one or moresecond physical areas within the first physical area, and, in responseto detecting that the user device is within the predefined proximity,issuing the alert to one or more parties. Issuing an alert with respectto a first physical area may also include marking coordinates of the oneor more second areas on a digital site map of the first physical area,where detecting that the user device is within the predefined proximityincludes determining coordinates of the mobile user device relative tothe digital site map using a communication network and comparing thedetermined coordinates of the mobile user device to the coordinates ofthe one or more second areas. The communication network may be GPS orGlonas. Issuing an alert with respect to a first physical area may alsoinclude placing one or more wireless beacons that transmit beaconsignals relative to the one or more second physical areas, wheredetecting that the user device is within the predefined proximityincludes the mobile user device detecting at least one of the beaconsignals transmitted from the one or more wireless beacons. Placing theone or more wireless beacons may include placing a plurality of wirelessbeacons so that the beacon signals transmitted by the plurality ofwireless beacons define a wireless detection barrier relative to the oneor more second physical areas. Issuing an alert with respect to a firstphysical area may also include recording the issuing of the alert as atransaction as part of a blockchain. Issuing the alert may includealerting one or more representatives of the first entity. Issuing thealert may also include alerting the user. Issuing an alert with respectto a first physical area may also include accessing a secure componentthat provides a secure platform having stored thereon at least one blockchain credential for authorizing the mobile user device to communicateblock chain transactions with one or more components affiliated with thefirst entity and the mobile user device using the block chain credentialto communicate block chain transactions with the one or more componentsin connection with issuing the alert. The secure component may becontained within a dongle locally coupled to the mobile user device. Anon-transitory computer-readable medium may contain software that issuesan alert with respect to a first physical area, the software includingexecutable code that performs the steps described previously whenexecuted by a processor. A system may issue an alert with respect to afirst physical area and the system may have means that perform one ormore of the steps described previously.

According further to the system described herein, establishing a statusof a user at a physical area includes determining a presence of a mobileuser device of a user at a location relative to the physical area,determining an identification of the user from the mobile user device,accessing, from a secure component included proximal to the mobile userdevice, a credential for authorizing the mobile user device tocommunicate transactions with one or more other remotely locatedcomponents, using the credential to securely determine one or more firstattributes of the user and one or more second attributes of one or moreresources located at the physical area, and determining a status of auser with respect to the one or more resources based at least in part onthe determined identification of the user, the first attributes and thesecond attributes. The credential may be a block chain credential andthe transactions may be block chain transactions. Using the credentialto securely determine attributes may include accessing one or moreblocks of a blockchain on the one or more remotely located componentsusing the credential, the one or more blocks defining the attributes.The one or more blocks may define one or more third attributes of afirst entity that controls the physical area, and may define one or morefourth attributes of a second entity and determining the status of theuser may be based at least on part on the third attributes and thefourth attributes. The user may not be affiliated with the first entity.Establishing a status of a user at a physical area may also includedetermining permissions for the user for accessing the one or moreresources based at least in part on the status of the user. The mobileuser device may have an application thereon that accesses the one ormore resources within the physical area and the secure component mayhave stored thereon at least one secure credential for validation of theapplication. Establishing a status of a user at a physical area may alsoinclude validating the application using the at least one securecredential thereby enabling execution of the application on the mobileuser device and executing the application on the mobile user device. Thesecure component may be contained within a dongle locally coupled to themobile user device. The secure component may be contained within themobile user device. A non-transitory computer-readable medium maycontain software that establishes a status of a user at a physical area,the software including executable code that performs the steps describedpreviously when executed by a processor. A system may establish a statusof a user at a physical area and the system may have means that performone or more of the steps described previously.

According further to the system described herein, using a mobile userdevice of a user to control access to a thing located within a physicalarea and having a physical locking mechanism includes determiningwhether a current location of the mobile user device is within apredefined proximity to the thing, accessing, from a secure componentproximal to the mobile user device, a credential for authorizing themobile user device to communicate block chain transactions with one ormore other remotely located components, securely accessing one or morefirst attributes associated with the thing, and locking or unlocking thelocking mechanism based at least in part on the one or more firstattributes. The credential may be a block chain credential. Securelyaccessing the one or more first attributes may include accessing one ormore blocks of a blockchain on the one or more remotely locatedcomponents using the credential. Using a mobile user device of a user tocontrol access to a thing located within a physical area and having aphysical locking mechanism may also include determining anidentification of the user from the mobile user device, wherein lockingor unlocking the locking mechanism is based at least in part on thedetermined identification. Using a mobile user device of a user tocontrol access to a thing located within a physical area and having aphysical locking mechanism may also include communicating one or moreaccess codes for the thing from the one or more remotely locatedcomponents to the mobile user device and the mobile user devicetransmitting the one or more access codes to the locking mechanism tolock or unlock the locking mechanism. The mobile user device may have anapplication thereon for locking or unlocking the locking mechanism.Using a mobile user device of a user to control access to a thinglocated within a physical area and having a physical locking mechanismmay also include validating the application using a secure credential toenable execution of the application and executing the application tolock or unlock the locking mechanism. The secure component may becontained within a dongle locally coupled to the mobile user device. Thelocking mechanism may have a QRC label and/or an RFID tag affixedthereto and determining whether the current location of the mobile userdevice is within a predefined proximity to the thing may include readingthe QRC label and/or detecting a signal from the RFID tag. Determiningwhether the current location of the mobile user device is within apredefined proximity to the thing may include determining coordinates ofthe mobile user device using a communication network. The communicationnetwork may be GPS or Glonas. One or more wireless beacons may belocated relative to the physical area, the one or more wireless beaconsmay transmit beacon signals and determining whether the current locationof the mobile user device is within a predefined proximity to the thingmay include the mobile user device detecting at least one of the beaconsignals transmitted from the one or more wireless beacons. Anon-transitory computer-readable medium may contain software that uses amobile user device of a user to control access to a thing located withina physical area having a physical locking mechanism and the software mayinclude executable code that performs one or more of the steps describedpreviously when executed by a processor. A system that handles a mobileuser device that controls access to a thing located within a physicalarea having a physical locking mechanism, the system having means thatperform one or more of the steps described previously.

According further to the system described herein, monitoring useractivity within a physical area controlled by an entity includesdetermining a location of a mobile user device of a user with respect tothe physical area, in response to determining the location, exchangingone or more communications with one or more remotely located componentsassociated with the entity to remotely configure the mobile user devicewith a digital map of the physical area, information about one or morethings within the physical area and the ability to access at least oneof the one or more things, storing one or more records of one or moreinteractions between the user device and the at least one thing relativeto the digital map, and transmitting the one or more records astransactions of a blockchain to the one or more remotely locatedcomponents. The at least one thing may have a QRC label and/or an RFIDtag affixed thereto and remotely configuring the user device may includeconfiguring the user device with an ability to read the QRC label and/orthe RFID tag. Monitoring user activity within a physical area controlledby an entity may also include accessing, from a secure componentproximal to the mobile user device, a blockchain credential forauthorizing the mobile user device to communicate block chaintransactions with the one or more other remotely located components. Thesecure component may be contained within a dongle locally coupled to themobile user device. The secure component may be contained within themobile user device. The mobile user device may have an applicationthereon to access the at least one thing, where the secure component mayhave stored thereon at least one secure credential for validation of theapplication. Monitoring user activity within a physical area controlledby an entity may also include validating the application using the atleast one secure credential to enable execution of the application onthe mobile user device. The secure component may have stored thereon atleast one cryptographic key for secure communication between the mobileuser device and other components of the system. The at least onecryptographic key may be used to exchange the one or more communicationswith the one or more other remotely located components. A non-transitorycomputer-readable medium may contain software that monitors useractivity within a physical area controlled by an entity and the softwaremay include executable code that performs one or more of the stepsdescribed previously when executed by a processor. A system may monitoruser activity within a physical area controlled by an entity and thesystem may have means that perform one or more of the steps describedpreviously.

According further to the system described herein, handling a mobile userdevice of a visitor to a physical area under control of an entity hasone or more capabilities of the mobile user device remotely beingdisabled by the entity while the visitor is within a predefinedproximity of the physical area includes detecting the mobile user deviceleaving the predefined proximity of the physical area and, in responseto detecting the mobile user device leaving, the entity remotelyenabling the one or more disabled capabilities of the mobile userdevice. The visitor may register a visit to the physical area. Handlinga mobile user device may also include, in response to detecting themobile user device leaving, transmitting one or more transaction blocksof a blockchain from the mobile user device to one or more remotelylocated components affiliated with the entity. Handling a mobile userdevice may also include accessing a secure component that provides asecure platform having stored thereon at least one block chaincredential for authorizing the mobile user device to communicatetransaction blocks of a blockchain with the one or more remotely locatedcomponents and the mobile user device using the block chain credentialto transmit the one or more transaction blocks. The secure component maybe contained within a dongle locally coupled to the mobile user device.The secure component may be contained within the mobile user device. Theone or more transaction blocks may include information associated withone or more interactions between the mobile user device and one orthings within the physical area. Detecting the mobile user deviceleaving the predefined proximity of the area may include determiningthat the user device has entered a visitor reception area. Anapplication may be associated with one or more resources correspondingto the physical areas while the visitor was within the physical area.Handling the mobile user device may also include the mobile user devicecontinuing to be enabled to allow the user to use the first applicationafter leaving the first physical area. A non-transitorycomputer-readable medium may contain software that handles a mobile userdevice of a visitor to a physical area under control of an entity withone or more capabilities of the mobile user device being remotelydisabled by the entity while the visitor is within a predefinedproximity of the physical area, the software including executable codethat performs the steps described previously when executed by aprocessor. A system may handles a mobile user device of a visitor to aphysical area that is under control of an entity with one or morecapabilities of the mobile user device being remotely disabled by theentity while the visitor is within a predefined proximity of thephysical area and the system may have means that perform one or more ofthe steps described previously.

According further to the system described herein, managing a visitoroutside of a physical area includes remotely registering the visitor toan access system, installing an application on a mobile user device ofthe visitor, the application being authorized to access and communicatewith the access system, the visitor entering personnel credentials toauthorize use of the application while the visitor is outside of thephysical area, and, in response to the visitor authorizing use of theapplication, the application and the access system exchanging datacontaining information about the visitor, remote executed activities ofthe visitor, remote data, and/or information about localization of theuser device. The application may exchange data with the access systemusing a RESTful API of the access system. Data may be formed in ablockchain prior to being exchanged between the mobile user device andthe access system. The access system may schedule a visit by the visitorin response to the application transmitting to the access system, withina defined time interval, data heartbeats containing localization data.The access system may add third party information to complement andimprove scheduling of the visitor. The third party information mayinclude load information indicating material being transported by thevisitor to the physical area. The load information may include a bill oflading, a certificate of analysis, and/or safety data sheets. The loadinformation may be sent to the access system using a blockchain and/or ahash of data corresponding to the load information. The informationabout the visitor may be entered using the application. The informationabout the visitor may be sent to the access system using a blockchainand/or a hash of data corresponding to the load information. Interactiontimes of the visitor may correspond to times that the visitor interactswith the application are recorded. Data corresponding to the interactiontimes may be sent to the access system using a blockchain and/or a hashof data corresponding to the load information. A non-transitorycomputer-readable medium may contain software that manages a visitoroutside of a physical area, the software including executable code thatperforms one or more of the steps described previously when executed bya processor. A system may manage a visitor outside of a physical areaand the system may have means that perform one or more of the stepsdescribed previously.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system for remotely monitoringand managing visitor access to a physical area and/or resources withinthe physical area, according to embodiments of the system describedherein.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a monitoring device coupled to athing, according to embodiments of the system described herein.

FIG. 3A is a diagram illustrating a sequence of communications betweenuser devices, gateways and a server (e.g., of a network cloud) toefficiently and reliably track device information on a network,according to embodiments of the system described herein.

FIG. 3B is a block diagram illustrating using a secure transactionrecord to communicate and store thing-related information on a thingmanagement network, according to embodiments of the system describedherein.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a security module of a device,according to embodiments of the system described herein.

FIG. 5A is a block diagram illustrating a data object for managingthings in a thing management network, according to embodiments of thesystem described herein.

FIG. 5B is a block diagram illustrating a data structure of a dataobject for managing things in a thing management network, according toembodiments of the system described herein.

FIGS. 6A-6H illustrate examples of data objects, according toembodiments of the system described herein.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating remotely managing a visitor device,according to embodiments of the system described herein.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating configuring one or more components ofa management system for managing visitor access to a site and/orresources thereof, according to embodiments of the system describedherein.

FIGS. 9A and 9B collectively are a flowchart illustrating monitoring andcontrolling a user device during a visit to a site, according toembodiments of the system described herein.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating managing departure of a visitor froma site, according to embodiments of the system described herein.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating remote interaction with a visitoroutside of a physical area, according to embodiments of the systemdescribed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS

Described herein is a system for managing visitor access to a physicalarea, for example, a site, and to one or more places and/or thingswithin the physical area. The system may include a mobile user device(e.g., a smart phone) in possession of a visitor to the physical area.The mobile user device may include or be locally coupled to a securitymodule (also referred to herein as a secure component), which mayinclude a trusted platform module (TPM) or secure element (SE), thatprovides a secure platform having stored thereon at least one blockchain credential for authorizing the mobile user device to communicateblock chain transactions with other components of the system. As usedherein, “locally coupled” means either directly physically connected to(e.g., plugged into) or within a distance that enables wirelesscommunication using Bluetooth (BT) and/or near field communication (NFC)technology. For example, the security module may be contained within adongle or other small device that is locally coupled to the mobile userdevice.

The system described herein may include one or more managementcomponents remotely located from the mobile user device andcommunicatively coupled to communicate block chain transactions with themobile user device. For example, the one or more management componentsmay be, or be included within: one or more centralized servers, and/orgateways serving as intermediaries between the centralized server(s) andthe mobile user device, where the gateways may provide edge computingand other functionality. The one or more management components mayinclude one or more data structures that define a plurality of entitiesassociated with access to the one or more resources within a physicalarea, for example, a person, a site, a company, a process, things, orcorrelated data and may associate one or more attributes with the one ormore entities corresponding to access to the one or more resources, forexample, safety and security attributes, states and roles, to name afew.

The system described herein may include one or more visitor accessmanagement applications to manage access by the visitor to a physicalarea (e.g., site) and/or the one or more resources within the physicalareas. The system may also provide access to data that correlates toproducts and devices inside the physical areas. This access may bemanaged based on the one or more data structures defining entities andattributes thereof and information communicated by the mobile userdevice to the one or more management components. Such information may becommunicated in one or more block chain transactions authorized usingthe at least one block chain credential stored in the secure component.Portions of the visitor access management application may be included inone or more user devices, gateways and/or servers, and may be referredto as client portions, whereas portions of the visitor access managementapplication residing on a server (e.g., in a transformation layer of athing management network as described in more detail below) may bereferred to as a server portion of the visitor access managementapplication. One or more client portions of one or more visitor accessmanagement applications may be referred to herein collectively as avisitor access app.

In some embodiments of the system described herein, access by a visitorto a physical area may be controlled. For example, the physical area maybe under control of a first entity (e.g., an individual, company,government agency or other organization), and the visitor may have amobile user device that is not affiliated with the first entity. Forexample, the visitor may be an employee of an entity other than thefirst entity and the mobile user device may have been issued to thevisitor by the other entity. The location of the mobile user devicerelative to the first physical area may be determined, and the firstentity may remotely control one or more capabilities of the mobile userdevice while the mobile user device is located within, or within apredefined proximity of, the first physical area. For example, while thevisitor is in the first physical area, one or more network communicationcapabilities (e.g., WIFI, mobile telephony) may be disabled, and one ormore other network communication capabilities (e.g., GPS, BT and NFC)may be allowed to remain enabled. In some instances, portions of thedata may be globally shared by the first entity with the entity of thevisitor.

In some embodiments of the system described herein, an alert may beissued with respect to a first physical area (e.g., a site or building)controlled by a first entity. A location of a mobile user device inpossession of a visitor with respect to the first physical area may bedetermined. In response to determining the current location, the mobileuser device may be configured to detect when the mobile user device iswithin a predefined proximity to one or more second physical areas(e.g., restricted and/or hazardous areas) within the first physicalarea. In response to detecting that the user device is within thepredefined proximity, the alert may be issued to one or more parties,for example, one or more employees and/or security providers of thefirst entity. Such detection may include using geo-fencing and/or alarmbarriers, as described in more detail elsewhere herein.

In some embodiments of the system described herein, a status of a userat a physical area may be established. As used herein, a user is aperson using a user device. A presence of a mobile user device inpossession of a user at a location relative to the first physical areamay be determined, and an identification of the user may be determinedfrom the user device. A blockchain credential may be accessed from asecure component included within or locally coupled to the mobile userdevice, the blockchain credential for authorizing the mobile user deviceto communicate blockchain transactions with one or more other remotelylocated components. One or more blocks of a blockchain on the one ormore remotely located components may be accessed using the blockchaincredential, where the one or more blocks may define one or more firstattributes (e.g., roles, competencies, company) of the user and one ormore second attributes (e.g., security, safety) of one or more resourceslocated at the physical area. A status of a user with respect to the oneor more resources may be determined based at least in part on thedetermined identification of the user, the first attributes and thesecond attributes. For example, it may be determined that the user iscompetent to use a resource and/or perform a process at a particularcompany site.

In some embodiments, access to a thing within a first physical area by amobile user device in possession of a user within the first physicalarea may be controlled. For example, it may be determined whether acurrent location of the mobile user device is within a predefinedproximity to the thing (e.g., device, machine, vehicle, panel, door,gate) within the first physical area, the thing having a physicallocking mechanism. A blockchain credential may be accessed from a securecomponent (e.g., TPM or SE) included within or locally coupled to themobile user device, where the blockchain credential is for authorizingthe mobile user device to communicate block chain transactions with oneor more other remotely located components. One or more blocks of ablockchain may be accessed on the one or more remotely locatedcomponents (e.g., gateway or server) using the blockchain credential,where the one or more blocks may define one or more first attributesassociated with the thing, for example, safety or security attributes,and one or more first attributes associated with the person, forexample, role or competency of the user, and/or other attributes. Thelocking mechanism may be locked or unlocked based at least in part onthe one or more first attributes.

In some embodiments, user activity within a first physical areacontrolled by a first business entity may be monitored and/or recorded.A location of a mobile user device in possession of a user with respectto the first physical area controlled by a first entity may bedetermined. In response to determining the location, one or morecommunications may be exchanged with one or more remotely locatedcomponents (e.g., gateways, servers) associated with the first businessentity to remotely configure the mobile user device with a digital mapof the first physical area, information about one or more things withinthe first physical area and the ability to access at least one of theone or more things. One or more records of one or more interactionsbetween the user device and the at least one thing relative to thedigital map may be recorded, and the one or more records transmitted astransactions of a blockchain to the one or more remotely locatedcomponents. The at least one thing may have at least one of a QRC labelor an RFID tag affixed thereto, and the remote configuring of the userdevice may include configuring the user device with the ability to readat least one of a QRC label or RFID tag.

In some embodiments, communications including transactions (e.g.,blockchain transactions) between a user device and other components ofthe thing management (or at least communications from the user device)are not permitted (e.g., WIFI and mobile telephony capabilitiesdisabled) while the user device is within the physical area or within apredefined proximity thereof. In such embodiments, communicationsincluding transactions having information gathered during the visit bythe user device are transmitted only when (e.g., immediately after) thevisitor leaves the physical areas or proximity thereof, for example,when certain communication capabilities (e.g., WIFI, mobile telephony)have been restored on the user device.

In some embodiments, it may be that a visitor with or without a vehicleenters into a monitoring mode before entering the first physical areaunder control of a first business entity. Monitoring and data exchangemay start with remote registering of the visit, allowing more precisescheduling and management of the visit. Information such as the currentposition of the approach to the physical area, COA (Certificate ofAnalysis) of the loading, the driver's license of the visitor andpossibly other data may be exchanged with the reception before enteringthe proximity of the site, thus allowing a faster and more efficientreception and guest management. Sensitive data may be exchanged usingblockchain transactions.

In some embodiments, for a mobile user device of a visitor to a firstphysical area under control of a first business entity, one or morecapabilities of the mobile user device may be remotely disabled by afirst business entity while the visitor is within, or within apredefined proximity of, the first physical area. Later, it may bedetected that the mobile user device is leaving at least one of thefirst physical area or the predefined proximity of the area. Forexample, it may be detected when the visitor (e.g., in a vehicle) isapproaching or passing through a security gate, or past a predefineddistance from the security gate, or when the visitor is entering orexisting a lobby or entry area of a building. In response to thedetecting, the first business entity may remotely enable the one or moredisabled capabilities.

One or more contractual relationships between parties (e.g., companies,a company and a person) may be defined using blockchain transactionrecords as smart contracts, which are described in more detailelsewhere. Further, one or more contractual transactions between partiesper the contractual relationships may be recorded as smart contracts.For example, the acceptance of terms and conditions accepted by a userwith respect to a thing management network, or a particular siteassociated with the thing management network, may be recorded as a smartcontract. Further, one or more rules (e.g., with respect to a person,company, site, thing, process or other object) may be recorded as partof a smart contract.

Illustrative embodiments of the system described herein will now bedescribed in relation to the drawings. It should be appreciated that thesystem described herein is not limited to the following illustrativeembodiments, as other embodiments, for example, variations of thefollowing illustrative embodiments, are possible, and intended to fallwithin the scope of the invention

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system 100 for remotelymonitoring and managing visitor access to a physical area and/orresources within the physical area, according to embodiments of thesystem described herein. Other embodiments of the system for remotelymonitoring and managing visitor access to a physical area and/orresources within the physical area, for example, variations of thesystem 100, are possible and are intended to fall within the scope ofthe invention. The system 100 also may be referred to herein as a thingmanagement network where the things being managed are various items.That is, as used herein, things may be considered analogous to items,whether tangible or intangible. The system 100 may include any of: oneor more monitoring devices 123, 124, 126 and 128; one or more gateways119-121; one or more user devices 140, 141, a transformation layer 102,a services layer 110 and other components in a cloud 101; othercomponents; and any suitable combination of the foregoing. It should beappreciated that, while only three gateways and four monitoring devicesare shown in FIG. 1, the invention is not so limited, as any number ofgateways and monitoring devices may be used, taking into considerationthe feasibility given the fiscal and management costs of equipment andnetwork, compute and storage resources.

In some embodiments, one or more monitoring devices may be coupled(e.g., physically or wirelessly) to one or more respective things, forexample, as illustrated by the monitoring devices 124, 126 in relationto things 143, 144, respectively. In some embodiments, one or moremonitoring devices may be contained within (e.g., as a separatecomponent or integrally) one or more respective things, for example, asillustrated by the monitoring devices 126, 128 within things 146, 148,respectively. It should be appreciated that there may be a one-to-onerelationship between monitoring devices and things, as illustrated inFIG. 1, a one-to-many relationship (i.e., one monitoring device coupledto multiple things) or a many-to-one relationship (i.e., multiplemonitoring devices coupled to one thing). It should be appreciated thata thing may be any type of thing that may be managed by a thingmanagement network, including, but not limited to, any type of thing(item) described herein.

Each of the gateways 119-121 may be coupled to the cloud 101 and to aplurality of monitoring devices; for example, the gateway 120 is coupledto the monitoring devices 124, 126 and 128. Each gateway may couple oneor more monitoring devices to the cloud 101, which may include one ormore servers. In some embodiments, one or more monitoring devices, e.g.,the monitoring device 123, may be connected directly to the cloud 101.In such embodiments, the monitoring device 123 may be configured withany of the gateway functionality and components described herein, andtreated like a gateway, at least in some respects, by the cloud 101.

In some embodiments, one or more gateways, e.g., the gateway 120, maycouple one or more user devices, e.g., the user device 141, to the cloud101. In some embodiments, one or more user devices, e.g., the userdevice 140, may be connected directly to the cloud 101. In suchembodiments, the user device 140 may be configured with any of thegateway functionality and components described herein, and treated likea gateway, at least in some respects, by the cloud 101.

Each of the gateways 119-121 may be configured with one or morecapabilities of a gateway and/or a controller as described in U.S. Pat.No. 9,509,628, titled “Managing Devices in a Heterogeneous Network,”issued Nov. 29, 2016, to Bernd Moeller (hereinafter the '628 patent),including capabilities described in relation to FIGS. 1 and 2 (andelsewhere) of the '628 patent. Each of the gateways 119-121 may be anyof a plurality of types of devices configured to perform the gatewayfunctions defined herein, such as, for example, a general-purposecomputer, a more specialized device such as an MYNXG® gateway orcontroller available from MyOmega and its MYXNG affiliates (e.g., MYNXG®i2, d3 or d3.1 models), any of variety of other devices, or any suitablecombination of the foregoing.

Each gateway may include a security module (e.g., in a hardware layer ofa controller described in the '628 patent), which may be used to performany of a variety of data security operations, including encryptingportions of communications from/to monitoring devices to/from gateways,encrypting portions of such information received at a gatewayunencrypted, or any of a variety of other functions described herein.For example, the gateway 120 may include a security module 125. Thesecurity module 125 may include a TPM or SE and/or other components, asdescribed in more detail elsewhere herein. The security module 125 alsomay be employed for other data security operations used in variousembodiments of the system described herein, including generating aone-way hash (or another type of hash) of a transaction record, orproviding secure communications between components of the system 100,e.g., between the cloud 101, gateways, monitoring devices and/or enduser devices. For example, the security module 125 and/or othercomponents of the system 100 may be configured to implement TransportLayer Security (TLS) for HTTPS communications and/or Datagram TransportLayer Security (DTLS) for Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)communications, e.g., as described in the '628 patent. Furthermore, oneor more security credentials associated with any of the foregoing datasecurity operations may be stored on the security module 125.Embodiments of security module 125 are described in more detailelsewhere herein.

Each of the gateways 119-121 may be configured to process thing statusinformation received from one or more monitoring devices, which mayinclude analyzing detected physical properties and other informationthat may have been generated or received by the monitoring device, andproviding instructions to the monitoring device, as described in moredetail elsewhere herein. For example, each of the gateways 119-121 maybe configured with one or more thing management applications 122encapsulating such capability. Furthermore, each of the gateways 119-121may include one or more edge applications 132 that may provideadditional functionality to that of the one or more thing managementapplications 122, where such additional functionality may be primarilydirected to edge computing aspects of a gateway. It should beappreciated that certain thing management functions may be sharedbetween one or more thing management applications 122 and edgeapplications 132. Each of the gateways 119-121 may include one or morearray components (which may be referred to herein as thing managementcomponents) for implementing the one or more thing managementapplications 122, the one or more edge applications 132, or combinationsthereof. The one or more thing management applications 122 and/or edgeapplications 132 may be configured to perform some or all of theanalysis and/or control some or all of the actions described herein, forexample, in implementing one or more defined states of a thinglifecycle. Each gateway may be configured to implement any of thenetwork communication technologies described herein in relation to amonitoring device so that the gateway may remotely communicate with,monitor and manage monitoring devices.

Each of the monitoring devices 123, 124, 126 and 128 also may includeone or more thing management applications 133, 134, 136 and 138,respectively, having some or all of the same capabilities of thingmanagement application 122, and each of the monitoring devices 123, 124,126 and 128 may include one or more components (which may be referred toherein as thing management components) for implementing the one or morething management applications 133, 134, 136 and 138, respectively. Byperforming such processing at one or more gateways, and/or at themonitoring devices themselves, as opposed to in a more centralizedfashion on one or more servers in the cloud 101, the system 100 mayimplement and enjoy the benefits of more distributed edge-computingtechniques.

The user devices 140, 141 may be any of a plurality of devices (e.g.,desktop computers, laptop computers, tablets, personal digitalassistants (PDAs), cellular (e.g., smart) phones, other devices, or anysuitable combination of the foregoing that enable a user to interactwith other components (e.g., gateways, servers, monitoring devices) ofthe system 100. Each user device may be configured with any of thefunctionality described in the '628 patent with respect to the UEs 54,55, 56 shown in FIG. 1 of the '628 patent, including any user equipmentfunctionality described in relation to FIGS. 2 and 3 of the '628 patent.In some embodiments, one or more gateways may be configured with userdevice functionality and/or one or more user devices may be configuredwith gateway functionality. It should be appreciated that, while twouser devices 140, 141 are shown in FIG. 1, the invention is not solimited, as hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands or even more userdevices may be included in the system 100.

In some embodiments, each of one or more user devices (e.g., the userdevices 140, 141) may include a security module having the same orsimilar capabilities as the security module 125 of gateway 120. Forexample, the user device 141 may include a security module 142, whichmay include a resident portion 142 a that is a permanent part of theuser device and a separate and discrete transitory portion 142 b, whichmay be physically and/or wirelessly coupled and decoupled from thepermanent portion. For example, the transitory portion 142 b may be adongle as described in more detail elsewhere herein. In some cases, allof the security functionality may be provided by the resident portion142 a so that the transitory portion 142 b is not present. A TPM may beused and may be integrated inside the user device 142, or the TPMfunctionality may reside inside a chip (system on chip) or the TPM maybe coupled temporary as a dongle or another device that is part of thetransitory portion 142 b.

Furthermore, one or more user devices (e.g., the user device 141) mayinclude one or more visitor access apps (e.g., a visitor access app147). Thing management applications or portions thereof that may beincluded in a user device are described in more detail elsewhere herein.In some embodiments, the visitor access app may consume approximately 1MByte of non-volatile memory.

The performance and security of the system described herein, includingmonitoring devices, user devices, gateways and servers in the cloud 101,may be improved using security modules like the security module 125 fordata security operations. A security module may be implemented withinany of the gateways (e.g., MYNXG Edge devices provided by MyOmegaSystems GmbH and the MYNXG affiliates), monitoring devices (e.g., MYNXGSense devices provided by MyOmega Systems GmbH and the MYNXGaffiliates), user devices or servers (e.g., MYNXG TransformationLayer/Flow and MYNXG Service Layer/Core provided by MyOmega Systems GmbHand the MYNXG affiliates) in the cloud 101, for example, duringproduction, and may be used to personalize any such components. Thesecurity module 125 may be integrated into the thing 143 or themonitoring device 124, the security module 125 and the thing 143 may beintegrated. Such gateways, user devices, monitoring devices and/orservers may be configured (e.g., during manufacture or later) toimplement a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for the management of keysand credentials. Other cryptographic technologies may be used. Securemodules are described in more detail elsewhere herein.

The services layer 110 may provide one or more services, which may beconsumed by applications in the transformation layer (which also may bereferred to as an application layer) 102. The services may includeservices for managing things, including the data, mobility and security(e.g., access to) of things, and other services associated with things.For example, services may include transaction services 112, thingmanagement services 116, mobile management services 118, other servicescorresponding to things, one or more databases and/or databasemanagement systems corresponding to any of the foregoing, and/or anysuitable combination of the foregoing. The services layer 110 also mayinclude a REST API that provides programmatic interoperability,including network communications, between the services layer 110 andother components of the thing management network 100, including atransformation layer 102, gateways, user devices, monitoring devices andother components of the system 100. The thing management services 116may include data about things managed by the system 100. Any of the dataincluded in any of the transaction services 112, thing managementservices 116 and mobile management services 118 may include informationalso stored in a monitoring device and/or user device. In someembodiments, the information corresponding to a thing may present such acomplete state of the thing that is may be considered a virtualrepresentation of the thing, e.g., a digital twin.

The transaction services 112 may include one or more transactionrecords, for example transaction blocks of a blockchain, involvingthings managed by the system 100. For example, the blockchain may serveas a secure transaction register for the system 100 or one or moredefined subsystems thereof. Transactions may include smart contracts orany other commercial transaction involving one of the managed things,and also may include information, for example status information,relating to one or more things, that is not associated with a commercialtransaction, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. Furthermore,the data stored within each of the other services, including theservices 116, 118 within the services layer 110, may be stored as one ormore transaction records (e.g., transaction blocks within a blockchain),and may be part of the transaction register for the thing managementsystem 100 or one or more defined subsystems thereof. The services layer110 may be implemented using one or more servers in the cloud 101.

The transformation layer 102 may be implemented using one or moreservers. The transformation layer 102 may include one more applications,e.g., cloud- or web-based applications, that utilize information andservices related to thing management, including any of the informationand services made available from the services layer 110. For example,the transformation layer 102 may include any of: one or more visitoraccess management applications 104, one or more transaction datamanagement applications 106; one or more safety management applications108; an inventory application (not shown), an order managementapplication (not shown), one or more other applications or any suitablecombination of the foregoing.

The one or more visitor access management applications 104 may includeone or more applications for managing a visitor's access to a site andto access and/or use one or more resources (e.g., places or things) asdescribed in more detail elsewhere herein. For example, the applicationsmay include applications configured to monitor a location of a userdevice of a visitor at or near a site (e.g., in a reception areas or ata security gate) via one or more communication technologies, forexample, any of those described herein, including but not limited toGPS, WIFI, mobile telephony, NFC, BT and BT LE. The applications may beconfigured to enable and/or disable capabilities of user devices whileon site, and to restore such capabilities to a user device when the userdevice leaves the site. The applications may be configured tocommunicate with and and/or control the user device while the visitor ison-site using such communication technologies, although in someembodiments one or more of these communication technologies may bedisabled on the user device while on the site, in which case thedisabled technologies would not be used. The applications may beconfigured to control access to places and/or things on the site vialocking mechanisms and access codes, and to issue alerts when it isdetected that the user is within a predefined proximity to a certainareas (e.g., a restricted or hazardous area) within the site. Theforegoing functionality and other functionality that may be provided byvisitor access management applications or other applications in thetransformation layer that are described in more detail elsewhere herein.

The one or more safety management applications 108 may be configured todetermine one or more aspects concerning the safety of things and placeson a site, for example, whether a thing or place is hazardous and/or theextent to which is hazardous, e.g., a safety classification promulgatedby one or more safety standards organization.

The one or more transaction data management applications 106 may beconfigured to provide access to any transaction data (e.g., smartcontracts, thing status, visitor status) described herein, for example,within a secure transaction register. One or more of these applicationsalso may be involved in processing (e.g., generating and storing)blockchain transaction records, and participating in blockchaincommunications with other components of the thing management network100, as described in more detail herein. For example, one or moretransaction data management applications 106 may be configured toparticipate in a streamlined blockchain communication sequence, asdescribed in more detail elsewhere herein.

The inventory application may provide an inventory of things managedwithin the system (e.g., the system 100 or a defined subsystem thereof),including properties (e.g., characteristics) about each thing in thesystem and collective information about things in the system, including,for example: the current state of a thing (e.g., within a thinglifecycle as described in further detail herein), various numbers ofthings (e.g., number of things purchased, numbers of things in aparticular state, number of things at a particular locations, etc.),physical properties of the thing (e.g., dimensions, weight), age of athing, current location of a thing (e.g., one or more networkidentifiers for a mobile telephony network, Wi-Fi network, ISM networkor other) and any other properties corresponding to a thing describedherein. The inventory of things may be a group (e.g., “fleet”) of thingsowned, leased, controlled, managed, and/or used by an entity, forexample, a thing producer, OEM, transporter or consumer, another type ofentity, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, the inventory application (or another application)may be configured to maintain an inventory of all visits by any personto any site managed by the thing management system 100. For example, asis described in more detail herein, each time person (for whom a personobject as defined below has been defined on the thing managementsystem), a record of the visit may be created and stored, for example,in an inventory database accessible by the inventory application. Eachrecord may be a blockchain transaction record (e.g., a smart contract)as described in more detail elsewhere herein.

The order management application may manage thing orders of customers,for example, all customers of an entity, e.g., an OEM. The ordermanagement application may maintain information about all past andcurrent thing orders for customers of an entity and process such orders.The order management application may be configured to automaticallyorder things for an entity (e.g., a customer or OEM) based on thingstatus information received from monitoring devices physically coupledto things (e.g., via one or more gateways or directly from themonitoring device itself), or information received from a user deviceabout the thing. For example, the order management application may haveone or more predefined thresholds, e.g., of number of things currentlyin use, number of damaged things, etc., for which, upon being reached orsurpassed, additional things should be ordered. It should be appreciatedthat the inventory application and the order management application aredescribed for illustrative purposes, and the transformation layer 102may include one or more other applications 108 of any of a variety oftypes, for example, a value-add and/or business application, related tothe management of things. The one or more visitor access managementapplications 104, one or more transaction data management applications106; one or more safety management applications 108; the inventoryapplication, order management application and one or more otherapplication may be configured (e.g., via one or more APIs or otherinterfaces) to interact with other applications within thetransformation layer 102, including each other. The applications orportions thereof may be programmed into gateways, Web browsers, userdevices and/or monitoring devices of the thing management network aswell. One or more applications of the transformation layer 102 may beprovided as all or part of a Web client browser app, as a hybrid of aWeb client browser app and native device applications or as nativedevice applications. The applications may reside, or be programmed ordownloaded into gateways (e.g., the MYNXG Edge devices), monitoringdevices (e.g., the MYNXG Sense devices) or user devices.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a monitoring device200 that may correspond, for example, to one or more of the monitoringdevices 123, 124, 126, 128, coupled to a thing 202 according toembodiments of the system described herein. Other embodiments ofmonitoring devices, for example, variations of the monitoring device200, are possible and are intended to fall within the scope of theinvention. FIG. 2 may be considered a relatively high-level functionalrepresentation of a thing monitoring device according to embodiments ofthe system described herein. More physical aspects of embodiments of themonitoring device are described elsewhere herein. The thing 202 may beany type of thing. The monitoring device 200 may include any of: an IPU204; one or more sensors 220; other components; or any suitablecombination of the foregoing. Note that the IPU 204 and/or one or moreother components of the monitoring device 200 may be configured toimplement one or more thing management applications, and maycollectively, or each individually, be considered a thing managementcomponent.

The IPU 204 may include any of: a CPU 208, one or more networkinterfaces (i/fs) 206, an integrated ambient light sensor 214, amovement sensor 216, one or more climate sensors 210, a TPM 212 and atimer component 213. The CPU 208 may be an ARM CPU or other type of CPU,and may be configured with one or more of the following: requiredprocessing capabilities and interfaces for the other components of theIPU 204 described herein, an ability to be interrupted by the timercomponent 213 and by the movement sensor 216, random access memory, andnonvolatile memory (e.g., FLASH) for storage. In some embodiments, theCPU 208 may be implemented using an STM32L4 96 VG CPU or a similar CPUmade available by STMicroelectronics. The timer component 213 mayprovide a clock for the IPU 204, and to the CPU 208 specifically. Thetimer component 213 may be configured to provide the clock at any of avariety of frequencies, for example, at 32 KHz or lower. The frequencyof the clock may be selected to balance a variety of factors, including,for example, cost, resource consumption (including power consumption)and highest desired frequency of operation.

The one or more network interfaces 206 may include a plurality of typesof network interfaces, each interface configured to implement one ormore particular technologies to enable communications with one or moretypes of networks. For example, the one or more network interfaces 206may include one or more cellular communication interfaces enablingcommunications with cellular networks, and may be configured withtechnologies such as, for example, Long-term Evolution (LTE) andderivatives thereof like LTE narrowband (5G) and LTE FDD/TDD (4G), HSPA(UMTS, 3G), EDGE/GSM (2G) or CDMA technologies. Cellular communicationsmay be used as one possible form of communication to enable a monitoringdevice to communicate with one or more other devices of a thingmanagement network, such as systems described elsewhere herein, toperform any of a variety of functions. Such functions may includedetection of geographic location of a thing (i.e., to which a monitoringdevice is affixed or otherwise coupled), including detecting a change inlocation from one cell of a cellular network to another cell, and arelative location of a thing within a cell, for example, a radialdistance from the cell phone base station. The thing can be in any form,including an IBC, a pallet, a container, a tank, a c-level managementcontainer or fixed assets such as locks for pipes and doors within acell, for example, a radial distance from the cell phone base station.The one or more cellular communication interfaces may be, include, or bepart of a cellular modem.

The one or more network interfaces 206 may be configured to implementGPS technology, which in some embodiments may be integrated withcellular technology as part of a cellular modem. The network interfaces206 also may be configured to implement UWB technology if accuracy ofindoor location on the order of centimeters is desired, for exampleusing one or more MYNXG® d3 (MYNXG EDGE FCR 3) modems available fromMyOmega Systems GmbH and the MYNXG affiliates having offices inNuremberg, Germany, (hereinafter “MyOmega”). Network interfaces 206further may be configured to implement Wi-Fi technology, e.g., inaccordance with one or more 802.11 standards, which may savecommunication cost. This cost savings may be more desirable for largerfleets of things, for example. The Wi-Fi technology may be used toconnect with hotspots at various locations and during various states ofa lifecycle of a thing, described in more detail elsewhere herein, andmay serve as an option for establishing a communication path within athing management network, for example, as an alternative, or in additionto a cellular communication path.

The one or more network interfaces 206 may be configured to implementIndustrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band technology (also known asEU Sub 1 GHz Bands), e.g., 6LoWPAN, ZigBee, Lora and or Sigfox, toestablish Wide Area Low Power links, having a range of, for example,3000 meters, or perhaps more. In some embodiments, an ISM technology maybe employed with 802.15.4 PHY, 6 LoWPAN Layer 2 and MAC and CoAPprotocol via ISM band.

The movement sensor 216 (e.g., an accelerometer) may be configured todetect and measure three-dimensional (e.g., relative to three axes)acceleration movement, and may use an optional gyroscope or artificialhorizon, to detect the movement of the thing 202. That is, the movementsensor 216 may be configured to detect relatively abrupt movement, e.g.,as a result of a sudden acceleration, in contrast to a more generalchange in geographic location. Such a movement may occur, e.g., as aresult of a sudden stop, an accident, falling from a shelf, tippingover, being manually jostled, a hole in a road, a deformation of arailroad rail, wind turbulence impacting an airplane, stormy seas, etc.The movement sensor 216 may be used in combination with interruptfunctionality of the CPU 208 to implement a deep sleep mode ofoperation, as described in more detail elsewhere herein.

The one or more climate sensors 210 may be configured to measure any ofa variety of climate conditions of the monitoring device 200, e.g.,inside a cavity of the monitoring device or inside a housing containingone or more components of the monitoring device, for example, the IPU204 and/or one or more sensors 220. Such climate conditions may includeany of: temperature, air humidity, air pressure, other climateconditions or any suitable combination thereof. While climate conditionsmay be measured inside a housing or cavity within the monitoring device,in some embodiments the monitoring device may include a pressurecompensation membrane (e.g., a climate pressure equalization gasket),and measurement cycles may be ultra-short such that the measured climateconditions are valid for an environment in the immediate vicinity of(e.g., surrounding) the monitoring device as well. While the one or moreclimate sensors 210 are illustrated as being part of the IPU 204, one ormore additional climate sensors may be external to the IPU 204, withinthe monitoring device 200 (e.g., as one or more sensors 220) or externalthereto. Climate sensors located external to the IPU 204 may be linkedthrough one or more M12.8 connector-based digital and/or analoginterfaces, and may measure any of a variety of climate conditions,including but not limited to: temperature, humidity and pressure orother climate conditions of a thing, the contents or loads carriedthereon (e.g., liquid, solid, air) and/or ambient air external to thething.

The integrated ambient light sensor 214 may serve to ensure theintegrity of a cavity, housing and/or electronics of the monitoringdevice, including providing mechanical dust and water detection. Thesensor 214 may enable detection of evidence of tampering and potentialdamage, and thus provide damage control to protect electronics of themonitoring device 200.

The Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 212 may be used to encrypt data and toprotect the integrity of the IPU 204. The TPM 212 may be used for any ofa variety of functions such as, for example, creation of data for, andstorage of credentials and secrets to secure, communication with one ormore networks (e.g., any of the networks described herein); creation ofTPM objects, which are special encrypted data stored in the nonvolatilememory outside the TPM, that can only be decrypted through the TPM;creation of data to be communicated and stored as part of transactionrecords (e.g., blockchain records) or registers, signing of files tosecure the integrity and authenticity of services, e.g., servicesdescribed herein; enablement of functions like Over-the-Air (OtA) updateof firmware, software and parameters of the monitoring device 200; otherfunctions; and any suitable combination of the foregoing.

The IPU 204 may include digital and/or analog interfaces, which mayutilize an M12.8 connector to communicate with the one or more sensors220. Such interfaces also may utilize I²C busses as well. Suchinterfaces may include ModBus and or FieldComm Hart Bus and may use plugand play connectors of any kind of types, e.g., PCB terminal blocks andPCB connectors e.g., a Phoenix contact. The one or more sensors 220 mayinclude any of the following: pressure sensors that are used to detectpressure imposed on the thing 202 (e.g., by a load of goods borne by thething or liquid/solid contents of the thing); temperature array sensorsto identify temperature profiles (e.g., the Melexis MLX 90621 Infraredsensor array made available from Melexis of Belgium, which provides 16×4pixels); strain gauge sensors to identify forces imposed on a thing(e.g., by measuring the strain imposed by a load on the monitoringdevice affixed atop the thing, between the load and the thing), forexample, to determine a weight of contents of a thing or a load borne bya thing; RFID readers to read signals transmitted by RFIDtags/transponders on a thing or a load or contents (e.g., packagedgoods) of a thing; optical code readers to read one- or two-dimensionalbar codes (e.g., Quick Response Codes (QRCs) or the like) labeling athing or contents or load of a thing; other types of sensors; or anysuitable combination of the foregoing. For simplicity of reference, theterm “RFID/QRC reader” or “reader” may be used herein to mean an RFIDreader and/or an optical reader, which could be a QRC reader. That is,an RFID/QRC reader may include an RFID reader, a QRC reader, anothertype of optical code reader, or any combination of the foregoing. Insome embodiments, the QRC/RFID labels on things and/or load itemsinclude a QRC code and/or serial numbers. In some embodiments, one ormore RFID (UHF and NFC) readers may be implemented using an integratedcircuit (IC) made available from NXP semiconductors, for example, theSLS3S4011_4021 model for RFID (UHF). The coding and communication ofRFID/QRC information can be done in many forms, including, for example,using one or more of: ISO 18.000 part 6-compliant RFID tags; UHF EPCGlobal Generation-compliant communications; 2; GS1-compliant bar codes;and GS1-compliant QRC codes.

In some embodiments, the IPU 204 may be extended with RFID (NFC)technology that may be connected via I²C interfaces or any otherinterface to connect the one or more sensors 220 which might be an RFID(NFC) reader IC, for example, the NXP semiconductors PN7462 family, toprovide access technology implementations. Such implementations may readand exchange data with NFC Access Cards like Mifare/Mifare DES and orexchange information with User Devices (User Equipment) like smartphonesand use the smartphone based NFC technology for access purposes. In someembodiments, the IPU 204 may be configured to correct interference, forexample, g-forces, caused by movement, and thereby avoid takingunnecessary action (e.g., waking up from an idle state, as described inmore detail elsewhere herein).

The IPU 204 may be implemented using one or more software components,including an operating system of an MYNXG® TracoSense® sensor platformmade available by MyOmega and the MYNXG affiliates, and the monitoringdevice 200 may be implemented as part of, or include a thing of, anMYNXG® TracoSense® IBC™ product made available from MyOmega and MYNXGaffiliates, another type of monitoring device or another thing. TheMYNXG® Edge and Sense Products and may contain the IPU 204 and may beprovided by MyOmega and the MYNXG affiliates.

Although not illustrated in FIG. 2, the monitoring device 200 also mayinclude one or more mobile phone vibrators or the like and microphones,which may be used, for example, for detection of damage to the thing 202or monitoring device 200, and, in combination with logic (e.g.,hardware, firmware or software) within the IPU 204, to determine asystem health of the thing or monitoring device by analyzing resonancesand frequencies of impact sound on the thing 202 using, for example,proprietary Detailed Sampling Mode (DSM) techniques available fromMyOmega and the MYNXG affiliates or any other appropriate technique,including conventional techniques for analyzing resonances andfrequencies of impact sound. For example, a microphone may be connectedvia digital/analog M12.8 connectors to the monitoring device 200 and/orintegrated within the monitoring device 200 (e.g., within the IPU 204).Sound waves may be caused by acoustic stimulation of the thing, and DSMtechniques may be employed to sample and analyze the sound waves.

Although not illustrated in FIG. 2, the monitoring device 200 also mayinclude one or more cameras, which may be used to monitor and record thecurrent load or contents of the thing 202, where such information may beused by image-processing logic, e.g., within the IPU 204 and/or agateway, server or other elements of a thing management networkdescribed herein to control the loading or unloading of items onto/fromthe thing 202, and/or the filling or emptying of the thing. Themonitoring device 200 may include, within the IPU 204 or otherwise, oneor more batteries or accumulators, for example, a Lithium ion battery,and/or interfaces thereto. The monitoring device 200 also may includeone or more interfaces that enable the battery or accumulator to becharged, and/or other interfaces, for example, one or more interfacesfor display devices, e.g., an e-Paper interface.

One or more components of the monitoring device 200, including the IPU204 and/or components thereof, may be implemented in hardware, firmware,software or a combination thereof, for example, on a printed circuitboard (PCB). In such embodiments, the PCB may be affixed to one or moreM12.8 connectors, for example, a male and female M12.8 connector. Abattery or accumulator of the monitoring device 200 may be charged viaan M12.8 connector, and external components may communicate withcomponents of the monitoring device 200 via one or more M12.8 connectorsas described elsewhere herein. The monitoring device 200 may include oneor more antennas corresponding to the one or more communicationtechnologies that may be included in the monitoring device 200 asdescribed elsewhere herein. Each antenna may be integrated, if suitable,within a PCB in embodiments including a PCB, for example, in the IPU204, or may be physically connected to the PCB and/or a housing thereof.For example, one or more antennas may be implemented as an integratedfoil antenna, glued to the PCB or a housing of one or more components ofthe monitoring device 200.

Returning to FIG. 1, thing information may be communicated betweencomponents of the system 100, including monitoring devices, userdevices, gateways and components of the cloud 101, in any of a varietyof ways. Such techniques may involve the transmission of thinginformation in transaction records (e.g., blocks) of a blockchain or thelike (e.g., using cryptographic techniques), and/or the storage of suchrecords or information therein as part of blockchains or the like, forexample, as part of a transaction register, as described in more detailelsewhere herein. Such transaction records may include publicinformation and private information, where public information may bemade more generally available to parties, and more sensitive informationmay be treated as private information made available more selectively,for example, only to certain thing producers, OEMs and/or particularcustomers. For example, the information in the transaction record mayinclude private data that may be encrypted using a private key specificto a thing and/or monitoring device and may include public data that isnot encrypted.

The public data also may be encrypted to protect the value of the dataand to enable trading of the data, for example, as part of a smartcontract. The distinction between public data and private data may be amatter of degree. For example, both public data and private data may beproprietary to a party, but the private data may be deemed moresensitive, e.g., more of a secret, and thus protected as such. Forexample, the public data may be basic specifications associated with athing or a load or contents thereof, which a party is willing to sharewith any customer or potential customer, whereas the private data may bedata the party is only willing to share with a technology or businesspartner, for example, for a payment or license fee. Accordingly, publicdata may not be encrypted at all, enabling any party given access to thetransaction record access to the public data, or may be encrypted usinga different credential (e.g., key) than the private data, so that aparty may be more selective in enabling access to the private data;i.e., only give credentials associated with the private data to partiesof certain contracts. Encrypted data, whether public or private, may beaccessible only to those parties having a key corresponding to theprivate key, for example, the private key itself in a case in whichsymmetric cryptography is employed, or a corresponding asymmetric key ina case in which asymmetric cryptography is employed. In this manner,parties owning information corresponding to a thing, monitoring deviceor other device may make some portions of the information public andother portions private to only select parties, for example, according toa smart contract, as described in more detail elsewhere herein.

In some embodiments, information may be collected from one or moremonitoring devices (e.g., the monitoring devices 124, 126, 128), forexample, over a predetermined period of time, and may be grouped into asingle secure transaction record. The secure transaction record may besent from a gateway (e.g., one or more of gateways 119-121) to a server(e.g., residing within the cloud 101). Furthermore, in embodiments inwhich a monitoring device (e.g., the monitoring device 123) communicatesdirectly with one or more servers in the cloud, the monitoring deviceitself may group information that the monitoring device has detected ordetermined over time about one or more things into a single securetransaction record that the monitoring device transmits to the server.In some embodiments, user devices (e.g., the user device 140 or the userdevice 141) may transmit one or more secure transaction records togateways and/or directly to one or more servers in the cloud.

Each secure transaction record may include a one-way hash of, and areference to (e.g., link or pointer), an immediately preceding securetransaction record for the overall system (e.g., network) for whichinformation is being tracked. A hash of a secure transaction record isan output of a mathematical function, algorithm or transformation(hereinafter “hash function”) applied to the secure transaction record.The hash function may be configured to produce a hash value that can berepresented by a data structure (e.g., a string) of uniform size orrange of sizes. In some embodiments of the system described herein, thehash is a one-way hash in that the hash function that produced the hashvalue is infeasible to invert (e.g., a cryptographic hash function). Byincluding the one-way hash as part of the next (i.e., current) securetransaction record, it can be determined if an immediately precedingrecord has been altered by determining if the one-way hash generatedfrom the altered secure transaction matches what is stored in the nexttransaction in the chain.

Furthermore, in embodiments of the system described herein, each securetransaction record includes a one-way hash of, and a reference (e.g.,link or pointer) to an immediately preceding secure transaction record,forming a continuingly growing temporal list of records referred toherein as a record chain (e.g., a blockchain). Altering any securetransaction record in the record chain will have a cascading effect ofchanging the expected one-way hash of every future secure transactionrecord, such that the source altered record can be determined. Thus,using a one-way hash function (or mathematical asymmetric hash function)enables, along with other features described herein, reliable trackingof thing information in a system. Any of a variety of cryptographicone-way hash functions may be used, for example, MD4, MD5, SHA-1 andSHA-2.

In some embodiments, a record chain may be implemented using ablockchain, each secure transaction record of the record chain beingimplemented using a transaction block of the blockchain (also known as ablock-chain or block chain). A blockchain is a continuously growing listof records, called blocks, which are linked and secured usingcryptography. Each block contains transaction data or information andmay contain a hash pointer as a link to a previous block (i.e., animmediately preceding block in the chain), and a time stamp. By design,blockchains are inherently resistant to modification of the data.Blockchains may be considered an open, distributed ledger that canrecord transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiableand permanent way. For use as a distributed ledger, a blockchain may bemanaged by a peer-to-peer network collectively adhering to a protocolfor validating new blocks. Once recorded, the data in any given blockcannot be altered retroactively without the alteration of all subsequentblocks, which requires collusion of a network majority. Blockchains areconsidered secure by design and may be considered an example of adistributed computing system with high Byzantine fault tolerance.

Although various embodiments of the system described herein useblockchains, the invention is not so limited. Other appropriatetechnologies may be employed to record transactions herein or toimplement a record chain, where such technologies are inherentlyresistant to modification of the data and can record data in averifiable and permanent way that preserves temporal relationshipsbetween the data blocks so that, for example,deletion/removal/modification of any block(s) in the chain may bedetected. Once the data is recorded in any block, such data cannot bealtered retroactively without the alteration of all subsequent blocks inthe block-chain.

It may be desirable to engage in commercial transactions involvingthings, for example, purchases, leases, licenses and other types oftransactions, and blockchains may be used as part of contractualtransaction between transacting parties. For example, the purchase orlease may include the seller providing the buyer access to and/orcontrol of a transaction register of one or more things; e.g., in theform of a blockchain. Going forward from the time of the transaction,the buyer may continue to grow the blockchain, and at later date provideaccess to or control of the blockchain to a future buyer or othertransacting party. In some embodiments, the contractual transactionitself is implemented using blockchains or the like. That is, ablockchain may be used to implement a “smart contract” between parties,for example, by defining the rules (i.e., terms) of the contract(including payment terms, access to information, timing, etc.),enforcing the rules of the contract, and recording the execution of thecontract and/or transactions under the contract as transaction blocks ofa blockchain. For example, a blockchain may define a license scheme(e.g., one-time fee, installment payments, pay-per-use, etc.) involvinga fleet of things or subcomponents (e.g., parts) thereof as describedherein, and record transactions under such a contract as transactionblocks of a blockchain. In some cases, the smart contract may define therules for the exchange of information related to a fleet of things orparts thereof, or a subset thereof.

Such smart contracts may define rules governing the exchange of publicand private data/information as described herein and record the resultsof a transaction in relation to the same. For example, a smart contractmay define the rules by which a first party, e.g., a customer, isallowed access to public or private information of an OEM, e.g., theproprietary specification for a thing, user device, monitoring device orcombination thereof, in exchange for public or private information ofthe customer for the thing, user device, monitoring device orcombination thereof, or perhaps in exchange for currency, e.g.,bitcoins, or another asset. Proprietary information may include, forexample, internal designs, proprietary interfaces, benchmarking results,other test data, manufacturing reliability data, customer lists, pricelists, source code, etc. A smart contract may be defined to provide aparty to the contract one or more keys (e.g., a private and/or publicencryption keys) or other credential(s) that provides access toencrypted public or private information, for example, in response to apayment made by the party, performance of an action, or in exchange forsome other form of consideration. The use of smart contracts may beapplied to the management of a thing lifecycles as described herein andcommercial transactions in relation thereto.

Components of the system 100 may be configured to reduce (e.g.,minimize) the number of communications therebetween, which in someembodiments may include communicating transactions (e.g., thing statusinformation) to servers within the cloud 101 according to a predefinedschedule, in which gateways are allotted slots within a temporal cycleduring which to transmit transactions (e.g., report thing statusinformation) to one or more servers. Each transaction transmitted from agateway to a server may include thing information received from one moremonitoring devices and/or user device in one or more communications(e.g., status reports) sent from the monitoring devices and/or userdevices since a last such transaction was sent to the server, and may insome embodiments include only changes to information since a lasttransaction. Thing information may be collected, stored and managed in acomputationally efficient and secure manner that ensures the integrityof the thing to a high degree of certainty.

FIG. 3A is a sequence diagram illustrating a sequence 300 ofcommunications between user devices 310, 312 (e.g., the user device141), gateways 304, 306, 308 (e.g., the gateway 120) and a server 302(e.g., of a network cloud 101) to efficiently and reliably track deviceinformation on a network according to embodiments of the systemdescribed herein. Other embodiments of a sequence of communicationsbetween user devices, gateways and a network cloud to efficiently andreliably tracking device information on a network, for example,variations of the sequence 300, are possible and are intended to fallwithin the scope of the invention. The sequence 300 may be implementedusing components of the system described herein, including, for example,components of the thing management network 100 and a security module,such as a security module 400, described in more detail elsewhereherein. Although the sequence 300 is illustrated with communicationsbetween gateways and user devices, it should be appreciated that, insome embodiments, the same or similar communications may be made betweenone or more monitoring devices (e.g., the monitoring device 124) and agateway.

A communication 314, including public data “1” and private data “(f1)”may be transmitted from the user device 312 to the gateway 310, and thena communication 316, including public data “2” and private data “(f2)”may transmitted from the user device 310 to the gateway 308. At somelater point in time, for example during an allotted time slot, thegateway 308 may transmit a transaction transmission request 318, e.g., aData Heartbeat (Data HB) Request to the server 302. In response, theserver 302 may send a one-way hash 320 of an immediately precedingtransaction record, n−1, e.g., from a header of a transaction block n−1,to the gateway 308. The gateway 308 then may send a transaction record322, e.g., Data HB transaction n, including the public and privateinformation from the communications 314, 316, and the server 302 mayrespond with an acknowledgment (ACK) 324. The gateway 306 then maytransmit a transaction transmission request 326, e.g., a Data HB Requestto the server 302, for example, during an allotted time slot for thegateway 306. In response, the server 302 may send a one-way hash 328 ofan immediately preceding transaction record, n (i.e., transaction record322), e.g., from a header of a transaction block n, to the gateway 306.The gateway 306 then may send a transaction record 330, e.g., Data HBtransaction n+1, including public information “3” and “4” and privateinformation “(f3)” and “(f4)” received, for example, in communicationsfrom one or more user devices coupled to the gateway 306, and the server302 may respond with an acknowledgment (ACK) 332.

It should be appreciated that the sequence 300 includes twosub-sequences of communications between a gateway and a server includinga sequence 317, which includes four communications 318, 320, 322, 324,and a sequence 325, which includes four communications 326, 328, 330,332. A streamlined blockchain communication sequence makes efficient useof network resources and may be considered to create a minimum amount ofcommunication overhead necessary to properly implement a transactionchain (e.g., blockchain). In alternative embodiments, every gateway mayreceive a blockchain update every time a gateway submits a transactionrecord to the server. In contrast, using the streamlined blockchaincommunication sequence, a gateway only received an update to theblockchain in response to making a data heartbeat request (e.g., therequest 318 or the request 326), thus making more efficient use ofnetwork resources. Considering that the device information of thetransaction record may be transmitted, and an acknowledgement received,in any scheme in which transaction information is recorded, the onlyadditional communication overhead included in a streamlined blockchaincommunication sequence is the sending of the transaction transmissionrequest, the receipt of the one-way hash of the previous transaction,and the inclusion of the one-way hash of the transaction in thetransaction record. That is, for n transactions between gateways and aserver of a system, the message overhead (compared to a system not usinga transaction chain) is only 2*n messages.

For example, assume a thing management system in which 30 user devicesand/or monitoring report transactions through a given gateway, 12 bytesof information are produced per monitoring device or user device, aone-way hash of a transaction has a length of 256 bits (32 bytes), and acommunication header for any transaction communication has a length of64 bytes. With these assumptions, the number of bytes consumed for eachsubmission of a transaction record from a gateway, and the communicationoverhead associated therewith, may be calculated as follows:

-   -   Transaction transmission request=communication header=64 Bytes    -   Response from server=communication header+one-way hash=64+32=96        Bytes    -   Transaction record=communication header+one-way hash+device        information=64+32+12*30=456 Bytes.    -   ACK message=communication header=64 Byte.    -   Total transaction record bytes=64+96+456+64=680 Bytes    -   Total transaction record overhead=transaction transmission        request+response from server+one-way hash of the transaction        record=192 Bytes, which is approximately 25% of the total        transaction record bytes.

The percentage of overhead reduces as a number of user devices and/ormonitoring devices reporting to a gateway grows. For example, if thereare 500 monitoring devices and/or user devices, the overhead percentagemay be smaller than 3%.

Although the streamlined blockchain communication sequence is describedin relation to communications between a gateway and a server, it shouldbe appreciated that the invention is not so limited. The streamlinedblockchain communication sequence may be used to communicate transactionrecords between any two components of a thing management network,including any of the communications described herein. It should furtherbe appreciated that, in some embodiments, a user device and/ormonitoring device may communicate directly with a server without use ofa gateway, and in such embodiments the user device or monitoring devicemay communication information to one or more servers using thestreamlined blockchain communication sequence.

In some embodiments, the monitoring device 123 may initiate the sequence300 directly with the cloud 101. In such cases, the monitoring device123 contains a security module 125. In some instances, the monitoringdevice 123 is designed according to FIG. 2 (discussed elsewhere herein)and the sensor 220 is an RFID NFC reader. Such an embodiment could serveas access control solution and create Blockchain transactions in case aperson would enter/leave a physical area controlled by the describedmonitoring device.

FIG. 3B is a block diagram illustrating an example of using a securetransaction record 362, for example, a transaction block of ablockchain, to communicate and store thing-related information on athing management network according to embodiments of the systemdescribed herein. Other secure transaction record formats, for example,variations of the secure transaction record 362, are possible and areintended to fall within the scope of the system described herein. Whilethe illustrative embodiment of FIG. 3B describes communicating securetransaction records between monitoring devices and gateways, or directlyfrom monitoring devices to servers, it should be appreciated that theinvention is not so limited. Secure transaction records, as described inrelation to FIG. 3B and elsewhere herein, also may be communicatedbetween user devices (e.g., the user device 141) and gateways ordirectly from user devices (e.g., the user device 140) to a server.

A plurality of monitoring devices 382, 384, 386 (e.g., any of themonitoring devices 123, 124, 126, 128) may send (e.g., transmit)communications 388, 394, 395, respectively, to a gateway 360 (e.g., oneof the gateways 119-121) concurrently or at different times, forexample, in accordance with a predefined schedule, in response to anevent (e.g., a determined change in property and/or state of a thing) orin response to user input (e.g., a data request). Each of thecommunications 388, 394, 395 may include public information elements390, 396, 397, respectively, and private information elements 392, 398,399, respectively, described in more detail elsewhere herein. It shouldbe appreciated that one or more (e.g., all) of the communicationsreceived from the gateway 360 may have been transmitted by one or moreuser devices (e.g., the user device 141) in accordance with a predefinedschedule, in response to an event or in response to user input

The gateway 360 may generate a secure transaction record 362 and maysend the secure transaction record 362 to a server 356 (e.g., in thecloud 101). The secure transaction record 362 may include a transactionheader 364 and a transaction body 366. The transaction body 366 mayinclude public information elements 368, 372, 376 corresponding to thepublic information elements 390, 396, 397, respectively, and privateinformation elements 370, 374, 378 corresponding to the privateinformation elements 392, 398, 399, respectively.

The transaction header 362 may include a one-way hash 350 of animmediately preceding secure transaction record, t_(n-1), a reference(e.g., link or pointer) 355 to the immediately preceding securetransaction record, t_(n-1), a one-way hash 352 of a current securetransaction record, t_(n), and schedule information 354. The one-wayhash of t_(n-1) may have been obtained from the server 356 in responseto a request, or, in another embodiment, in an update from the server356 in response to submission of another secure transaction record tothe server 356. In some embodiments, information included in the recordtransaction body 366 may include only information corresponding to athing that has changed since a last transaction. In some embodiments,information unchanged since a last transaction is included in thetransaction record body 366, and there is a mechanism for indicatingwhich information has changed. The transmission of secure transactionrecords from gateways to a server (or directly from a monitoring deviceto a server) may be scheduled using predetermined time slots within acycle. The transmission schedule may be defined, stored and/or undercontrol of the server to which record transactions are transmitted, andmay be implemented using any of a variety of technologies, including acloud-based scheduler. The schedule information 354 may specify thepredetermined time slot within a cycle for transmission of the securetransaction record 362 to one or more servers in the cloud 101.

The secure transaction records transmitted from gateways to servers(e.g., the secure transaction record 362) may be stored on the server aspart of a transaction chain for the gateway, i.e., a transaction chaincorresponding to a thing management system associated with (e.g.,specific to) the gateway. The server (e.g., the server 356) also maystore the transaction record as part of a transaction chaincorresponding to a thing management system at the server/cloud level,for example, for which thing management systems at the gateway level aresubsystems. For example, one or more servers in the cloud 101 may storea transaction chain that includes transaction records corresponding tothe gateways 119-121, as well as transaction chains corresponding tomonitoring devices (e.g., the monitoring device 123) directly connectedto one or more servers in the cloud 101 or user devices. While FIG. 3Bhas been described primarily in relation to communicating informationfrom monitoring devices through gateways to servers in the cloud, itshould be appreciated that the invention is not so limited. In someembodiments of the system described herein, a monitoring device (e.g.,the monitoring device 923) may collect thing information over time andtransmit a secure transaction record like that described herein directlyto one or more servers in the cloud without use of a gateway.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the security module400 of a device, for example, a gateway or user device, according toembodiments of the system described herein. Other security modules, forexample, variations of the security module 400, are possible and areintended to fall within the scope of the invention. In some embodiments,the security module 400 may implement one or more TPM-based securityfunctions and/or block-chain related functions. The security module mayinclude any of: hardware 410, firmware 406, operating system (OS) 404,secure access logic 416, secure component 418, non-volatile memory 424;other applications and/or logic 402, other components, or any suitablecombination of the foregoing. The security module 400 may implement aroot of trust (RoT), serving as a trusted computing base (TCB),including providing hardware- and firmware-based security includingcryptography for the device (e.g., gateway, user device or monitoringdevice) in which the RoT is embedded. The security module 400 mayprovide compute resources that are dedicated exclusively for suchsecurity and may be physically secure against access by externalcomponents and processes.

In some embodiments, a root of trust may be implemented by the securitymodule 400 as follows: The hardware 410 may include hardware boot code(e.g., Intel Atom-based hardware start-up code) 412, which, whentriggered, may implement a ROM-based boot sequence. This sequence mayverify (e.g., using a boot partition key pair) the firmware (FW) bootcode (e.g., including external firmware interface (EFI) code inside thebasic input-out system (BIOS) of the firmware 406. After being verified,the FW boot code then may verify software modules within the OS 404, forexample, kernel and kernel objects of the OS 404, e.g., an Android OS.After being verified, the OS 404 may call the secure component 418,which may be (or include) a TPM and/or SE, for example, a TPM or SE asdescribed in more detail herein. The secure component 418 may beimplemented using hardware and firmware, and in some cases may includesoftware.

The secure component 418 may be configured to validate the secure accesslogic 416, which may be implemented in software, firmware and/orhardware. In some embodiments, the secure access logic 416 may be, ormay include, the MYNXG® Cipher Suiten™ made available from MyOmegaand/or MYNXG affiliates. Validating the secure access logic 416 mayinclude use of one or more private credentials, for example, a privatecommunication credential 420 and a private blockchain credential 422,each of which may be a cryptographic key (e.g., having a length of 256bytes), for example, stored within the secure element 418.

In an embodiment herein, the private communication credential 420 andthe private blockchain credential 422 are embedded in the securitymodule 400 at the time of manufacture and are never transmitted outsideof the security module 400. In some embodiments, one or both of theprivate communication credential 420 and the private blockchaincredential 422 are generated inside the cloud 101 using, for example, anHSM in the cloud 101. The private communication credential 420 may thenbe used to digitally sign data from the device in which thecommunication module is embedded using a corresponding public key. Theprivate communication credential 420 may also be used to provide derivedkeys and to initiate a symmetric key exchange to facilitate encryptedcommunication between the device in which the security device 400 isstored and another device. In some embodiments, the privatecommunication credential 420 is used in connection with elliptic curvemutual authentication. The private blockchain credential 422 may be usedfor creating and verifying the blockchain hash values.

The private communication credential 420 may also be used to providederived keys and/or to validate further keys stored as TPM objects togenerate derived keys for secure communications between components(e.g., gateways, user devices, monitoring devices, servers) of a thingmanagement network, for example, as described in relation to FIG. 1 andFIG. 3 (e.g., in accordance with TLS). The private blockchain credential422 also may be used to implement secure transaction records, forexample, as described in more detail elsewhere herein, e.g., in relationto FIG. 1 and FIG. 3. The secure element 418 may be configured toprotect against any possibility of reading data therefrom when locked.Such locking may occur as a last step of producing (i.e., manufacturing)the secure element 418. The secure component 418 may be certified by theBundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informations Technik (BSI) and mayprovide Common Criteria (CC) Evaluation Assurance Level 5; i.e., CC_EALlevel 5 security.

Validating the secure access logic 416 also may include utilizing one ormore secure credentials (e.g., secrets), which may be stored inencrypted form in the NVM (e.g., flash) 424, and may include a secureservice provisioning credential 426, a SW application validationcredential 428, a secure public communication credential 430 and perhapsother secure credentials 434. The SW Public Validation Credential 428may be exchanged via secure communication channels and may also becreated/stored for dedicated apps because the SW Public ValidationCredential 428 is the public element of a key pair. Initial firmwareboot code 408 may be initially provided to the security module duringmanufacture inside a secure production environment. The initial firmwareboot code 408 ensures that an initial boot of the system is secure.Subsequent versions of the boot code 408 may rely on the initial versionas a basis for validation. Secure credentials may be stored as TPMobjects encrypted with TPM object keys, which may have been generatedvia random generators and hardware inside the secure component 418during production and may be stored in the secure component 418. Thesecure service provisioning credential 426 also may be used for serviceprovisioning on a gateway, monitoring device, user device or otherdevice of a thing management network. The secure public communicationcredential 430 also may be used as a public credential (e.g., key) of asecure communication link (e.g., per TLS) between one or more componentsof a thing management network.

The secure access logic 416, after itself being validated, may use a SWpublic validation credential 428 (utilizing the implemented root oftrust based on the production methods (initial boot) and the credentialsstored inside the secure component) to validate signatures of one ormore software modules on a device, including, for example, one or moremodules of the OS 404 (e.g., a virtual machine (VM) and/or activitymanager thereof), the binary code of the secure access logic 416, thebinary code of loadable user space modules of the OS 404, the binarycode of one or more other applications and/or logic 402, a clientportion of a visitor access management application (e.g., the visitoraccess app 147) and other software modules. For example, the SW publicvalidation credential may be used to validate a digital signature of oneor more of the foregoing software modules. The SW modules may be signedby private keys within a secure part of the cloud 101, which may havebeen generated using a credential (e.g., key) that together with the SWpublic validation credential 428 constitute a credential pair (e.g., keypair) of a cryptography scheme. For example, one or more of the softwaremodules may have been produced by MyOmega and MYNXG affiliates andsigned according to the MYNXG Public Key Infrastructure made availableby MyOmega, e.g., in a highly secure environment in accordance with anISO 27.001 certified set of rules of the MYNXG Public KeyInfrastructure. The digital signature(s) generated by the producer forone or more software modules may be included in the one or more softwaremodules and accessed by the secure access logic 416 to perform theverification.

The secure access logic 416 also may use the SW public validationcredential 428 (e.g., as part of implementing a root of trust) todetermine whether one or more software modules (e.g., any of thosedescribed above in relation to verifying signatures) installed on adevice (e.g., a gateway, user device, or monitoring device) are membersof a white list of software modules (e.g., applications and other typesof software modules) that are permitted to be installed on the device.For example, the producer of the device may store an encrypted list ofpermitted software modules, the white list 434, within NVM 424. Thesecure access logic 416 may be configured to determine whether one ormore (e.g., all) software modules on the device are also included on thewhite list 434, for example, by decrypting the white list 434 using theSW public validation credential 428, and comparing the name (or otheridentifier) of the software module to the decrypted names or otheridentifiers of the software modules included in the whitelist 434. Oneor more other secure credentials 432 may be included in the NVM 424 andused as part of validating one or more software modules or performingone or more other security-related functions.

In some embodiments, one or more components of the security module 400,for example, the secure access logic 416, the secure HW component 418and/or the NVM 424, and/or sub-components thereof, may be implemented aspart of a dongle 414, e.g., a relatively small, portable piece ofcomputer hardware connectable to (e.g., a port of) a user device,gateway or other component of a thing management network. Use of thedongle 414 or the like may be desirable on a user device, for example,if the user device is produced by a different entity (e.g., Apple,Samsung) than the entity (e.g., MyOmega and MYNXG Affiliates) thatprovides one or more of the security components described herein.

The dongle 414 may be configured with one or more communicationinterfaces to enable physical and/or wireless interconnection with aremainder of the security module 400 and a device on which the securitymodule 400 resides, e.g., a smart phone or other type of user device.For example, the dongle 414 may be configured with a USB port and/orNFC, BT, BT LE or other technologies that enable such communications.The dongle 414 may be locally coupled to the user device for which thedongle 414 will be used, the user device including the remainder of thesecurity module components. For example, in some embodiments, the dongle414 may be, or may include, the transitory portion 142 b of the securitymodule 142 of the user device 141.

In some embodiments, functionality of the dongle 414 and in particularthe secure component 418 are integrated within one of the user devices141, 140 and the functionality described may reside as an integratedpart of the devices 141, 140. The software services provided by thesecurity module 400 may then be implemented as part of the firmware,operating system, application framework and/or application software ofthe user device. In some embodiments, the dongle 414 may be implementedby utilizing the monitoring device 123 that is designed according toFIG. 2 and may contain an RFID NFC reader that is used as the sensor220. Such an embodiment could interact with one or more of the userdevices 140, 141 via the RFID NFC that is integrated therein and couldbe used for verification by the visitor access app 147 therein. Adeployment of such an embodiment could include an access terminal at areception area where the visitor access app 147 is validated beforeaccess is granted. Generally, the security functionality and the securecomponent 418 are either proximal to one of the user devices 140, 141when the security functionality and the secure component 418 areprovided in the dongle 414 coupled to the user devices 140, 141 orprovided internally to the user devices 140, 141.

In some embodiments of the system described herein, a data model formanaging things in a thing management network may be provided. The datamodel may include a plurality of object types and attribute types thatmay be used to design and represent objects for managing things in athing management network. An object may be considered an instance of anobject type, and may be defined by an ID (e.g., name) and one or moreconstituent objects and attributes. The constituent objects andattributes enable a user to associate information defined by the objectsand attributes to the object of which the objects and attributes are amember. An attribute may be considered an instance of an attribute type,and be defined by an ID (e.g., name) and a value for the attribute type.

It should be appreciated that the security module 400 may build upon orextend existing security platforms. For example, in some embodiments,the security module 400 may include one or more components (e.g., of theOS 404, firmware 406 and/or hardware 410) implementing Apple iOS,Android and/or Samsung Knox technology, the functionality of which maybe extended or enhanced by the functionality described herein.

FIG. 5A is a block diagram illustrating an example of a data object 502for managing things in a thing management network, according toembodiments of the system described herein. Other data objects (oftenreferred to herein as simply “objects”) for managing things in a thingmanagement network, for example, variations of the data object 502, arepossible and are intended to fall within the scope of the systemdescribed herein. It should be appreciated that any number of the dataobjects 502 may be defined and used to managing things in a thingmanagement network. The data objects 502 may include any of: attributes504, 506, 508, an other object 510, and one or more additional otherobjects and/or attributes. The object 510 may include an attribute 512,an other object 514, and one or more other objects and/or attributes.Similarly, the object 514 may include attributes 516, 518 and one ormore other objects and/or attributes.

FIG. 5B is a block diagram illustrating an example of a data structure524 of a data object (e.g., the data object 502) for managing things ina thing management network, according to embodiments of the systemdescribed herein. Other data structures of a data object for managingthings in a thing management network, for example, variations of thedata structure 524, are possible and are intended to fall within thescope of the system described herein.

It should be appreciated that the various embodiments of a data modeldescribed herein, including one or more data objects (e.g., the dataobject 502 and other objects defined herein) may be shared and usedamong multiple entities (e.g. companies), as opposed to being exclusive(e.g., proprietary) to a single entity. As described herein, blockchaintechnology may be used to ensure the integrity of data objects sharedamong multiple entities. For example, blockchain technology may be usedto implement one or more data objects (e.g., for managing things in athing management network) as a secure transaction register and/ordistributed ledger.

The data structure 524 may be for an object 522, which may correspond tothe object 502. The object 522 may include and be defined by an objectID (e.g., name) 522 a and an object type value 522 b, which may be avalue representing any of the object types described herein. The object522 may include and be defined by attributes 524, 526, 528, which maycorrespond to the attributes 504, 506, 508, respectively. The attributes524, 526, 528 may include and be defined by attribute IDs 524 a, 526 a,528 a, respectively, and attribute values 524 b, 526 b, 528 b,respectively. The object 522 also may include and be defined by anobject 530 (e.g., the object 510), which may be defined by: an object ID530 a and an object type value 530 b (which may be a value representingany of the object types described herein), an attribute 532 (e.g., theattribute 512), and an object 534 (e.g., the object 514). The attribute532 may include and be defined by an attribute ID 532 a and an attributevalue 532 b. The object 534 may include and be defined by an object ID534 a and an object type value 534 b (which may be a value representingany of the object types described herein), an attribute 536 (e.g., theattribute 516), and an attribute 538 (e.g., the attribute 518). Theattribute 536 may include and be defined by an attribute ID 536 a and anattribute value 536 b, and the attribute 538 may include and be definedby an attribute ID 538 a and an attribute value 538 b.

Types of objects may include: a product, a company, a site, a thing, asystem, a rule, a process and a person. In some embodiments, other typesof objects may be defined. A product object type represents a product,which may be a physical product (e.g., a package of goods), a virtualproduct (e.g., software application) or even a service (e.g., deliveryservice). A company object type may represent a business entity (e.g., alegal entity), which may serve in different roles (e.g., OEM, supplier,consumer, etc.) in different contexts, which may be reflected in valuesof attributes defined for the company. A site object type may be used todefine and represent a physical place defined by a geographical location(i.e., area). A thing object type may be used to define and representany thing that may be managed by a thing management network, includingany type of thing described herein.

A system object type may be used to define and represent a system withthe ability to maintain records such as, for example: a traditionalenterprise resource planning (ERP) system to manage financialinformation and other information of a company, e.g., an ERP system madeavailable from SAP or Oracle; a customer relationship management (CRM)system, e.g., a CRM system made available from salesforce.com; a producelifecycle management (PLM) system and/or energy management system (EMS)to control production and manufacturing processes, e.g., those madeavailable from Siemens; or any suitable combination of the foregoing. Insome embodiments of a data model as described herein, the data model maybe configured to enable interfacing with one or more such systems; i.e.,to be able to map and exchange objects and/or data thereof betweensystems.

A rule object type may be used to define and represent a rule, which maydefine conditions and actions corresponding to the conditions; i.e.,actions to take if the conditions are met. Rules may be used to definesmart contracts as described herein, among other things. A processobject type may be used to define and represent a process, for example,a structured and repeatable workflow. A person object type may be usedto define and represent a human being. In some embodiments of the systemdescribed herein, a data model includes one or more attribute types fordefining attributes for an object. Attribute types may include, forexample: a group attribute type; a role attribute type; a stateattribute type; a safety attribute type; a security attribute type; aquality attribute type; a supply attribute type; a finance attributetype; a technical attribute; and a basic attribute. In some embodiments,other attribute types are included.

A Relation group attribute type is an attribute linking master data anddata structures to each other. For example, a Relation could besomething like X belongs to y. Possible Relations are: Assignment,Commissioning, Installation, Hierarchy, Classification and Successor.Assignment is a Virtual Process that assigns Sense/Edge to something,such as a customer, partner, user, blockchain or, more abstract,Sense/Edge can be something defined by a GMD object. Commissioning isphysical process that links product information, a transportation unit,an MYNXG Sense and customer information and allows the monitoring ofsupply chain processes. Commissioning does not change elements involved,but instead, combines the elements. Commissioning is a relation that istemporary, a product is filled into a thing. Installation is a physicalprocess where Edge/Sense are installed at things/products and whereadditional things/products are integrated. The involvedEdge/Sense/Things/Product may create a new loT subsystem that is furthermonitored. Hierarchy is a relation where one is part of another.Something is packed and is part of a loading product at pallet.Classification is a relation where things are grouped. A classificationmight be that particular products are hazardous and belong to aclassified group of things, such as, for example, explosive gasses.Successor is relation where one is replaced by another. For example, allproducts with product number Y are replaced from a given date by theproduct with product number Z.

The role attribute type may be used to define a role for a person,including, for example, the capabilities and/or responsibilities of aperson for an object. For example, the role attribute may be used todefine a role with respect to (i.e., in association with) a particularprocess at a company site. The state attribute type may be used todefine a state attributes for an object to manage things in a thingmanagement network. The safety attribute type may be used to define oneor more safety attributes for an object to manage things in a thingmanagement network. The security attribute type may be used to defineone or more security attributes for an object to manage things in athing management network. For example, the security attribute may beused to specify confidentiality, integrity and availability attributesfor such objects.

The quality attribute type may be used to define one or more qualityattributes for an object to manage things in a thing management network.For example, the quality attribute type may be used to specifyattributes of products and processes. The supply attribute type may beused to define one or more supply attributes for an object (e.g., agood) to manage things in a thing management network. The supplyattribute may be particularly useful in managing a supply chain. Thefinance attribute type may be used to define one or more financeattributes for an object to manage things in a thing management network.For example, finance attributes may include any attributes having to dowith finance or trade. The technical attribute type may be used todefine one or more technical attributes for an object to manage thingsin a thing management network. For example, technical attributes mayinclude a private email address or phone number of a person. The basicattribute type may be used to define one or more basic attributes for anobject to manage things in a thing management network. Basic attributesmay include, for example, basic biographical information about a person,e.g., name, address, city, state, ZIP code.

A plurality of different complex data objects may be defined usingvarious combinations of the object types and attribute types describedherein, which then may be utilized by one or more components of a thingmanagement network to manage things, for example, as described in moredetail elsewhere herein. For example, as an illustrative embodiment, aperson object (i.e., an instance of a person object type) may be definedfor a thing management network using one or more different attributetypes and/or object types as follows:

-   -   One or more basic attributes may be defined, including, for        example: first name; given (i.e., family) name, address        information (e.g., ZIP code, city/town, street name, street        number);    -   One or more technical attributes may be defined, including, for        example, personal (i.e., private) email address(es), business        (i.e., company) email address(es); personal cell phone number;        and business cell phone number;    -   One or more role attributes may be defined, including, for        example:        -   Employer (e.g., company, government organization, education            institution or individual) of the person,        -   Position (e.g., rank) within employer,        -   Competencies, e.g., for what processes or things the person            has competencies,        -   User access rights to information and/or processes within a            thing management network, e.g., as an MYNXG® user within am            MYNXG® network made available by MyOmega or MYNXG affiliates    -   One or more security attributes may be defined for the person,        for example:        -   a user password to gain access (which may be stored in            encrypted mode) or might be provided by a user            authentications service or software e.g. OAuth 2.0 which            would provide tokens to grant access,        -   subscriber identity module (SIM) data and identifier, which            may be used as attributes for other objects to associate the            person with the other objects,    -   One or more safety attributes may be defined for the person, for        example:        -   an IMEI of a cell phone of the person; classifying the cell            phone for usage in hazardous areas e.g. according to NEC            500/505 or ATEX classifications.    -   One or more site objects, and process objects for each site        object, may be defined for a person.

As another illustrative embodiment, a company object (i.e., an instanceof a company object type) may be defined for a thing management networkusing one or more different attribute types and/or object types asfollows:

-   -   One or more basic attributes may be defined including, for        example, the country in which the company is incorporated;    -   One or more finance attributes may be defined including, for        example, a governmental (e.g., trade) registration number, or a        tax ID (e.g., a VAT number)    -   One or more site objects may be defined for sites of the        company, where each site object may have one or more attributes        defined including, for example:        -   One or more basic attributes, for example, site address            information, e.g., ZIP code, town/city, street name, street            number; and        -   One or more technical attributes, for example, GPS            coordinates of the site, site maps, installation blue            prints; WIFI networks on site, cells of wireless phone            networks covering at least part of the site

As another illustrative embodiment, a process object (i.e., an instanceof a process object type) may be defined for a thing management networkusing one or more different attribute types and/or object types asfollows:

-   -   One or more safety attributes specifying, for example, a safety        classification of a process, e.g., for hazardous environments,        which could be used, for example, in defining a rule object;    -   One or more product objects specifying one or more products        involved in the process, each of the one or more product objects        including, for example:        -   One or more basic attributes including, for example, a            unique product ID, e.g., according to the GS1 product naming            conventions as specified as of the date of filing at            https://www.gs1.org/ and/or in related documents.        -   One or more quality attributes, e.g., specifying values for            one or more quality metrics of the product    -   One or more thing objects specifying one or more things involved        in the process, each thing object including, for example, one or        more technical attributes, e.g., a unique ID of the thing within        the thing management network, a product ID and/or serial number.    -   One or more rule objects specifying one or more rules (e.g.,        conditions plus actions) for the process    -   One or more role attributes specifying one or more roles,        including for example, the competences needed to execute the        process (e.g., through competence profiles, the requirements of        person may be specified.

A variety of different objects may be defined, including any of thosedepicted in relation to FIGS. 6A-6H. FIGS. 6A-6H illustrate examples ofdata objects, according to embodiments of the system described herein.Accordingly, the discussion of objects herein, including test,arrangement, manipulation, etc. generally refers to the objectsillustrated in FIGS. 6A-6H and the corresponding discussion.

FIG. 6A illustrates a product object 603, for a product offered by acompany represented by company object 602, the product being defined tohave attributes 604.

FIG. 6B illustrates a person object 613 for a person associated with acompany represented by a company object 612, and a process object 615for a process for which the person has competencies at a siterepresented by a site object 614, the site associated with the companyrepresented by the company object 612. The process object 615 hasmultiple attributes 616, including a role that may specify competenciesof the person with respect to the process.

FIG. 6C illustrates an example of a person object 622 having basic andtechnical attributes 624. In some embodiments of the system describedherein, the person object 622 has a minimum of attributes that may berequired to be defined for a person object to be able to be used in athing management network (e.g., the thing management network 100).

FIG. 6D illustrates an example of a company object 632 with attributes634, including a role attribute indicating that the company representedby the company is a customer. A site object 633 defines a siteassociated with the company represented by the company object 632. Thesite object 633 includes basic and technical attributes 635. In someembodiments of the system described herein, the site object 633 has aminimum of attributes that may be required to be defined to be able tobe used in a thing management network (e.g., the thing managementnetwork 100).

FIG. 6E illustrates an example of a person object 663, including anassociated site object 665 having an associated process object 666. Aplurality of attributes 664, 668 are defined for the person object 663.Some of the attributes 664 are for data related to the GPRS (GeneralData Protection Regulation) being adopted by European countries. Theperson object 663 may also be associated with a thing object 667 havingattributes 669 corresponding to mobile related data. In some embodimentsof the system described herein, the objects and attributes illustratedfor the person object 663 in FIG. 6E represent a minimum of object andattributes that are required to be defined for a person object to beable to be used to provide a threshold level of access control andsecurity for a site on a thing management network, for example, thething management network 100.

FIG. 6F illustrates an example of a company object 642 representing acompany A. The company object has a plurality of associated objects 644including a site object and a relation process A and a relation processB, which indicate that Process A and Process B are carried out by thecompany. Process B is shown as having associated objects 646 including aproduct, a thing, and a rule. The rule object has associated objects 648corresponding to different required states and a required competency(role) of a person carrying out the process.

FIG. 6G illustrates an example of a person object 652 having associatedobject 654 corresponding to roles (competencies) of the person object652. There may also be other objects 656 associated with the personobject 652 including an associated site and an associated process.

FIG. 6H illustrates relation hierarchy and relationship assignments fora company object 662. The company has a corresponding object 664 for asite of the company and a corresponding object 666 for a particularprocess performed by the company at the particular site. Another object668 for a person includes a plurality of associated objects for theperson including name, address, etc. as well as various roles for theperson and data for the mobile phone of the person. There are variousrelationships between the objects 664, 666, 668. For instance, there isa hierarchical relationship between the object 664 corresponding to thesite and the object 666 corresponding to the process; the process isperformed at the site. Also, there is an assignment relation between theobject 664 corresponding to the site and the object 668 corresponding tothe person; the person is assigned (allowed to) work at the site (ornot). Similarly, there is an assignment relation between the object 666corresponding to the process and the object 668 corresponding to theperson; the person is assigned (allowed to) work with the process (ornot).

As is described in more detail herein, one or more applications or logicexecuting on one or more of the components of a thing management network(e.g., the thing management network 100) may utilize data objectscreated using the object types and/or attribute types of the data modeldescribed herein. For example, such data objects and one or morecomponents of the security module 400, executing on a user device,gateway, server and/or monitoring device, may be used to manage (e.g.,remotely) visitor access to a site and access to resources at the site.In some embodiments of the system described herein, management of suchaccess includes monitoring information associated with the site and/orresources thereof, as described in more detail herein.

It should be appreciated that the data objects described herein may becreated once, and reused (and modified) at multiple sites for multiplecompanies, and for any visitors to these sites, and through the use ofblockchain technology as described herein, may be used reliably andefficiently (e.g., by employing the streamlined blockchain communicationsequence).

The data objects described herein may be used in combination with thesystems and blockchain techniques described in relation to FIGS. 1-4 tomanage security and safety on company, governmental or academic sites.For example, the data objects, systems and techniques described hereinmay be used to implement one or more safety standards including, forexample, NEC 500, NEC 505 and ATEX standards. In some embodiments of thesystem described herein, the data objects, systems and techniquesdescribed herein may be used to implement safety functions in hazardousenvironments including, for example, hazardous environments defined bythe following:

1. NEC 500, Class I Zone2

2. NEC 505, Class I Zone 1 and 2

3. ATEX, Group II, Category 2G and 3G

FIG. 7 is a flowchart 700 illustrating remotely managing a visitordevice, according to embodiments of the system described herein. Otherembodiments of remotely managing a visitor device, for example,variations of the method illustrated by the flowchart 700, are possibleand are intended to fall within the scope of the invention.

In a step 702, one or more components of a thing management system maybe configured for managing visitor access to a site and/or resourcesthereof. The one or more components may include one or more componentsof a server, gateway and user device as described herein. In someembodiments, the one or more components may include other components ofa thing management system, for example, a monitoring device. Processingperformed at the step 702 is described in more detail elsewhere herein.

Following the step 702 is a step 704 where a visit by a person to a sitemay be scheduled. Such scheduling may include a user (e.g., through usea web browser or visitor access app of a user device) accessing a serverportion of a visitor access management application that resides on aserver using a user interface, and entering information about the visit,for example, the site and reason for the visit. Entering of theinformation may result in a check that compares the person object andvalidates the person object relation with the site object. The site mayor may not have a relationship with a person object representing theuser. In the case of the person having a relationship with the site, thevisit is confirmed. In another embodiment, the person object mustprovide additional information such as a driver's license and possiblyvisitor training, which the visitor might execute via a web portal andwhich might be approved at the site so that access rights to the sitemight be granted. In another embodiment, a hauler may apply to deliverproducts to the site and the product object related to the transportmay, for example, be specified by a Certificate of Analysis certifyingchemical goods transported in a tank trailer. It might be that thehauler may be requested to enter more information and to present orattach documents via a web portal.

Following the step 704 is a step 705 where the geo-location of the usermay be tracked. For example, mobile telephony and GPS systems may beused to track the location of the user device. For example, the userdevice may transmit periodic communications (e.g., heartbeats) thatinclude one or more pieces of information that identify the user (e.g.,the person object ID corresponding to the user) and user device (e.g.,the ID of the user device) and a location of the user device (e.g., acurrent cell ID and/or GPS coordinates of user). These communicationsmay include, and be recorded as, one or more block chain transactions.

In some embodiments, a visitor access management application or anotherapplication or logic (e.g., a location service) in the service ortransformation layer may calculate a geo-location of the user devicebased on the periodically transmitted information, and estimate a timeof arrival of the user at the site to be visited.

In some embodiments, an inventory application in the transformationlayer or another application or logic in the transformation layer orservice layer may record the tracking information relating to theapproaching user (i.e., prospective visitor). For example, block chaintransaction records may include the person object of the visitor,including one or more role attributes pertaining to the person servingthe role of guest (i.e., visitor).

Following the step 705 is a step 706 where a proximity of the user tothe site may be detected. For example, from the geo-location informationincluded in the heartbeat communications received from the user device,it may be determined when the physical location of the user device (andthus the user) are within a predefined threshold distance from the site.For example, it may be determined that the current cell ID (of a mobiletelephony network being used) of the user device is the same as a cellID of the site, or the GPS coordinates of the user device may bedetermined to be within a certain distance of the site.

Following the step 706 is a step 707 where, in response to detectingthat the user device is within a certain proximity of the site, acommunication channel between the site and the user device may beestablished, e.g., the user may establish WIFI access to a WIFI networkof the site. For example, the server portion of the visitor accessmanagement application, or another application or component of the thingmanagement network, may communicate (e.g., via the mobile telephonynetwork) to the user device, sharing the WIFI network informationincluding an SSID name and a temporary password (e.g., a temporarypassword) of a site WIFI network, e.g., the WIFI network correspondingto a reception area or security gate of a site. In response to receivingthe WIFI network information, the visitor access app on the user devicemay activate (if not active already) the WIFI interface of the userdevice, select the WIFI network and provide the password to establish acommunication channel via WIFI.

Following the step 707 is a step 708 where a user may be registered as avisitor to the site. This registration may include the visitor accessapp providing instructions (e.g., visually and/or orally) to enter thereception area of the site to check-in, and the thing management networknoting/acknowledging that the visitor is now on site.

In some embodiments, registration may include validating one or moresoftware modules of the user device, including, e.g., the visitor accessapp. This validation may include use of one or more credentialsdescribed in relation to the security module 400, which may be includedin the user device. In some embodiments, the user device does notinclude all of the necessary components (e.g., of the security module400) to validate the software modules on its own. In such embodiments, adongle (e.g., the dongle 414) may be provided on site that includes oneor more components of a security module (e.g., the security module 400)of the user device through which validation of one or more softwaremodules may be performed, for example, as described in relation to thesecurity module 400. For example, the dongle may provide the transitoryportion 142 b of the security module 142 of the user-device 141.

In embodiments of the step 708 in which a dongle is employed, the step708 may include a dongle being provided to the user at the receptionarea, which then may be connected physically and/or wirelessly asdescribed in relation to security module 400, after which the one ormore software modules on the user device may be validated. In anembodiment, the dongle 414 may be implemented by utilizing themonitoring device 123 that is designed according to FIG. 2 and containsan RFID NFC reader for the sensor 220 that communicates via RFID NFCwith one of the user devices 140, 141 and validates one or more softwaremodules thereon.

If the software modules are validated (with or without use of a donglein whatever form), the user device (e.g., the visitor access appthereof) may exchange one or more communications with the server portionof the visitor access management application to complete registration.The communications may involve an exchange of one or more blockchaintransactions, for example, using a streamlined blockchain communicationsequence as described elsewhere herein. The communications may beencrypted with the private blockchain credential (e.g., the privateblockchain credential 422). A data heartbeat communication transmittedfrom the user device to the server, or from an intervening gateway tothe server, or from an monitoring device to the server, as part of thestreamlined blockchain communication sequence, may include the ID of theuser device (e.g., the IMEI), the person ID of the visitor, otherobjects and attributes, and an indication that the one or more softwaremodules on the user device have been validated (e.g., visitor accessapp=OK)

In some embodiments, the visitor (i.e., the person visiting the site)may be an owner of the site or an employee or other authorized personnelof the owner of the site, in which case validation of one or moresoftware components may not be required, because the software componentsmay have been previously validated for the site. In such embodiments, ifa dongle is employed, the dongle may have been previously issued to thevisitor and may be already connected (physically or wirelessly) to theuser device. Furthermore, in such embodiments, the user device may bepresented to an NFC reader or other type of scanner/reader for which theuser device is configured to communicate. The scanner/reader may becommunicatively coupled to a gateway of a thing management network. Forexample, a gateway may be configured to serve as a gateway of the thingmanagement network for all visitors that enter the site through thereception area. In response to establishing communication with thereader/scanner and/or gateway, the user device or gateway may exchangeone or more communications (e.g., engage in a streamlined blockchaincommunication sequence) with the server portion of the visitor accessmanagement application to complete registration.

In embodiments in which a dongle is provided to the visitor duringvisitor registration, the dongle may be returned (e.g., to a receptiondesk) after the registration (including any software validation) iscomplete. In embodiments where the dongle is implemented by utilizingthe monitoring device 123 that is designed according to FIG. 2 andcontains an RFID NFC reader for the sensor 220 communicating via RFIDNFC with one of the user devices 140, 141, the monitoring device 123 maybe integrated into a reception area, visitor terminal, door reader, etc.and the visitor may place the user device/user equipment within a shortdistance towards the monitoring device 123. A user interaction inwhatever form may signal towards the user that the registration and thesoftware validation is complete.

Following the step 708 is a step 710 where the visitor registration maybe recorded, e.g., archived, on a gateway, server and/or other componentof a thing management network. In some embodiments, in response to thevisitor being registered, the visitor receives on the user deviceinformation concerning the site and visit, for example, a site map andsafety instructions. This information and other information may bepresented to the user as part of terms and conditions that the user mustaccept before being able to continue further onto the site and/or beforebeing able to use the user device within the site.

If the user agrees to the terms and conditions presented as part of thestep 710, a transaction (e.g., a blockchain transaction) of thevisitor's registration may be recorded, e.g., stored in one or morecomponents of the thing management system. Recording visitorregistration information may include exchanging one or morecommunications with a gateway and/or server, for example, as part of astreamlined blockchain communication sequence. The recorded registrationmay include any of a variety of information (e.g., using one or dataobjects and attributes thereof) including, for example, an ID of thevisitor (e.g., using the person object for the visitor with roleattribute set to guest), an ID of the user device (e.g., the IMEI of theuser device), a site ID, the site map, safety attributes includingsafety instructions (e.g., according to a safety category such as none,yellow, red), the WIFI and mobile telephony networks used, access codes(e.g., WIFI network and/or NFC codes), which may include codes to one ormore places of things (e.g., locks) on the site, and any suitablecombination of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the recordedregistration information may include other information. The systemdescribed herein supports blockchain transaction in a way that complieswith the EU GDPR regulations by splitting the data stored in theblockchain from such data that are referenced and can be easily deleted.In particular, the person objects 663 are split into attributes 664 thatare stored outside the blockchain (i.e., not part of the blockchain) andattributes 668, 667, 669 and relations to further objects that arestored inside the blockchain (i.e., are part of the blockchain).

Following the step 710 is a step 712 where the user device may bemonitored and controlled during the visit on the site. A state in whichthe user device is being monitored and controlled during a visit to asite may be referred to herein as the user device being in an activevisitor mode.

Following the step 712 is a step 714 where information detected ordetermined (e.g., by the user device) about the visitor and user deviceof the visitor may be reported, for example, from the user device and/orone or more monitoring devices to a gateway and/or directly to a serverof a thing management network. In some embodiments, such information isnot reported during the visit, but only at (or immediately following)the end of the visit as the visitor exits active visitor mode anddeparts the site, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. Thereported information may include any detected or determined informationdescribed herein. The reporting of the information may includeexchanging one or more communications between devices, for example, asone or more transaction records of a blockchain in accordance with thestreamlined blockchain communication sequence.

In some embodiments, a visitor access app on the user device maytransfer data on a bare minimum need (e.g., 6 Kbyte per hour) during theactive visitor mode; e.g., from when the user device entered the activevisitor mode until the user device returns to a reception area at thesite. In some embodiments, no other costs are incurred by the visitor(or an employer of the visitor) during active visitor mode. In someembodiments, the communication is only permitted if the user device/userequipment which is referenced via the nonvolatile IMEI of the userdevice/user equipment is a device categorized according to an ATEX, NEC500, NEC 505 classification for the usage in hazardous environments.

Following the step 714 is a step 716 where the information reported inthe step 714 may be recorded (i.e., stored), for example, on one or moregateways and or servers, for example, as blockchain transaction recordsas part of a secure transaction register and/or distributed ledger ofblockchain transactions. In some embodiments, blockchain transactionrecords may remain permanently encrypted and maintained in accordancewith tax and other regulations and in some cases data may be storedoutside the blockchain to guarantee compliance with the GDPR under EULaw.

Following the step 716 is a step 718 where a departure of the visitorfrom the site may be managed, for example, as described in more detailelsewhere herein. Following the step 718, processing is complete.

It is possible to adapt some of the processing illustrated in connectionwith the flowchart 700 to implement features compliant with the GDPR andwith EU regulation for the duty to record working times of employees.Specifically, the step 702, 704, 705 may be adapted to allow workers toindicate when they are and are not working off site using, for example,the mobile phone of the worker. For instance, a worker may scheduleworking off site (e.g., at home) in a manner similar to the schedulingperformed in connection with the step 704, described above. In responseto this, different checks may be performed, such as determining whetherthe worker is authorized to work off site. The system may executeadditional tasks for the employer that, for example, performtransactions related to the worker working off site. The system mayrecord efforts spent by the worker in order to compensate the workercorrectly for the work off site. It is also possible to use the mobiledevice (smartphone) of the worker to track the geolocation of the workerwhile the worker is supposed to be working off site. For example, if theworker is supposed to be visiting clients or delivering items with hisprivate car, the mobile device verifies that the worker travelled tospecific locations to assure that the tasks were completed and toprovide the worker with fair compensation. The mobile device or otherdevice of the worker (e.g., a laptop) may also log the time along withpossibly logging the work being performed by the worker (e.g., editingdocuments).

FIG. 8 is a flowchart 800 illustrating in more detail processingperformed at the step 702 of configuring one or more components of athing management system for managing visitor access to a site and/orresources thereof, according to embodiments of the system describedherein. Other embodiments of a method of configuring one or morecomponents of a thing management system for managing visitor access to asite and/or resources thereof, for example, variations of the methodillustrated by the flowchart 800, are possible and are intended to fallwithin the scope of the invention.

In a step 802, one or more data objects for managing things in a thingmanagement network may be defined, including any of the data objectdescribed herein. For example, person object may be created (e.g., for aprospective visitor) having one or more basic attributes (e.g., name,address information) and one or more technical attributes (e.g.,personal and/or business email addresses). It should be appreciated thatsuch a person object may be created by the human resource for allemployees of a facility, or for a guest independently of a prospectivevisit to a site, for example, prior to any knowledge of any potentialvisit to the site. That is, the person object may have been created whenthe person first became an employee or customer of a certain company, orfirst configured a user device. This person object may be used for avariety of purposes, including configuring a user device and creating aguest account, as described in more detail elsewhere herein.

The step 802 also may include defining one or more data objects andattributes for the person object for the person's role as a guest at acompany site. For example, the person object may include one or morething objects, product objects, company objects, site objects, ruleobjects and/or process objects, and one or more role attributes(including the role of guest), safety attributes and/or securityattributes. These objects and attributes may collectively define aguest/employee account for the person with respect to the site,including the competencies of the person as a guest/employee withrespect to one or more things, products and/or processes on site. Insome embodiments, defining data objects may be performed in connectionwith other steps/processes.

-   -   Following the step 802 is a step 804 where a user device of the        visitor may be configured with a visitor access app. For        example, the step 804 may include using a user device (e.g., a        smart phone) to initiate contact with a component of the thing        management network, for example, a server portion of a visitor        access management application or a separate registration        application of a transformation layer of the network. For        example, the contact may be initiated via an email message or        through a browser of the user device accessing a user interface        of a registration application in the cloud (e.g., in the        transformation layer). The registration application may respond        to the user device with an initial password for the user, and        the user device may exchange one or more communications with the        registration application to change the password. The        registration application may use services provided by a user        authentications service or software e.g. OAuth 2.0 which would        provide tokens to grant access.

The step 804 also may include the visitor access app being downloaded tothe user device for installation on the user device. As part ofinstalling the visitor access app, terms and conditions for use of thevisitor access app may be presented to the visitor, for example, on ascreen of the user device. The registration application may require thatthe user electronically accept the terms and conditions beforecompleting the installation. The terms and conditions to be accepted bythe user may include, for example, one or more of the following:

-   -   User must register to the MYNXG Platform and provide true,        correct and the full information about user identity, in        particular, the correct first and last name and address and        e-mail accounts for the exchange of information between the        MYXNG Platform and the user. The user must take care that he        receives the e-mails that are sent to the user e-mail account.        The person data object contains the following user data that may        be treated as personal data under the EU GDPR regulation:        correct first and second name, address and e-mail accounts.    -   User must take care and is solely responsible for his passwords        and the confidentiality of his passwords.    -   User data entered is treated as personal data by the user under        the EU GDPR regulation and can be deleted if requested by the        user. In such a case the visitor access app usage and the MYNXG        platform usage are terminated.    -   In case of the need to contact the user, the visitor access app        may use the personal data.    -   The visitor access app may not identify other apps, read or        modify other data, utilize other data in any form than specified        and intended by the visitor access application. The integrity        and authentication check of the visitor access application is a        check of the visitor access application and does not provide any        health indication for the remaining User Device.    -   Geo-location information may be provided in accordance with the        visitor access app to one or more components of the thing        management network when the user device is possession of the        person within a certain one or more sites or within a predefined        proximity of such sites; i.e., when the user device is in        “active visitor mode.”    -   The visitor access app may activate and/or deactivate certain        capabilities (e.g., features) of the user device during active        visitor mode.    -   The user device may not be capable of being powered down (by the        person or any other entity other than the visitor access app)        during active visitor mode.    -   The visitor access app may transfer data on a bare minimum need        (e.g., 6 Kbyte per hour) during the active visitor mode; e.g.,        from when the user device entered the active visitor mode until        the user device returns to a reception area at the site; and        that no other costs will be imposed on the person during active        visitor mode.    -   The user device may receive vouchers and related information of        a company that controls a site and/or of a business partner of        the company, for example, food or beverage vouchers.    -   Communication functions and radio interface of the user device        may be controlled during active visitor mode, including        activation and deactivation of radios. In some embodiments, this        condition may have an exception for the user device to be able        to make emergency calls, but only if such a call will not itself        trigger an unsafe/dangerous situation.    -   The NFC, BT and/or USB interfaces of the user device may remain        enabled and be used by the visitor access app to communicate        during active visitor mode with things managed by the thing        management network.    -   After the visitor access app has been downloaded to the user        device, the integrity of the visitor access app may need to be        proven before any person in possession of the user device enters        any site at which the visitor access app is employed.    -   The unique ID of the user device, for example, the IMEI if the        user device is a cell phone, may be read and used to reference        the user device towards one or more components of the thing        management network if the visitor access app is in active mode.    -   Blockchain transaction records corresponding to a visit to a        site at which the visitor access app is employed may be stored        (e.g., on the thing management network), for example,        -   when entering the site and        -   when leaving the site    -   Records may be kept in case of false behavior, and the records        may be archived as blockchain transaction records on the thing        management network, in line with the EU GDPR for personal data.    -   The blockchain transaction records may include encrypted data        that will stay permanently within the blockchain, and, hence        personal data under the EU GDPR regulations are not stored as        part of the blockchain transactions.    -   After the active visitor mode is terminated, all initial        settings of the user device may be restored to values that        existed immediately prior to the active visitor mode being        commenced.    -   No data in any form may be recorded outside of active visitor        mode; i.e., when the user device is not in active visitor mode.    -   The visitor access app may consume, and thus require,        approximately 1 MByte of non-volatile memory.    -   The visitor access app may be licensed for use solely as        provided herein so that no right, title or interest to the        visitor access app or any intellectual property rights therein        are transferred.

In response to the user accepting the terms and conditions, the visitoraccess app may be installed on the user device as part of the step 804.Alternatively, the terms and conditions may be presented before allowinga download of the visitor access app to the user device.

It should be appreciated that, in various embodiments of the systemdescribed herein, one or more of the actions or functions describedabove in relation to the terms and condition may be implemented, forexample, on the user device and/or on one or more other components ofthe thing management network, as is suitable.

In some embodiments of the system described herein, configuring the userdevice involves use of a dongle (e.g., the dongle 414 and functions ofthe dongle 414). For example, the user device may not be configured toperform the step 804 or portions thereof independently of a dongle,i.e., without use of a dongle, or a dongle functionality integrated inthe user device, or the functionality of the dongle provided via themonitoring device. Upon, or prior to, being connected to the userdevice, a thing object having a unique ID may be created for the dongle.The dongle may register with the thing management network, for example,by defining one or more attributes allowing the dongle to participate inblockchain transactions on the thing management network.

Following the step 804 is a step 806 where the user and the user devicemay be registered with the thing management network, for example, one ormore objects may be created and/or updated for the user and user device.For example, upon completion of the installation, the visitor access appmay cause the user device to transmit a heartbeat communication to theregistration application or another module of the transformation layer.The heartbeat communication may include a user ID of the person and anID (e.g., IMEI) of the user device. The relationship of the user anduser device may be registered for the thing management network, forexample, by defining a thing object for the user device, which maydefine a thing ID (TID) as the user device ID (e.g., IMEI). Also, theperson object of the user may be updated to include the thing object,thus establishing a relationship between the user and user device.

Following the step 806 is a step 808 where software modules on the userdevice may be validated, for example, as described in relation to securecomponent 418 of the security module 400. The validation may be recorded(e.g., stored) as part of a blockchain record, for example, on one ormore gateways and/or servers of the thing management network.

FIGS. 9A and 9B collectively are a flowchart 900 illustrating in moredetail the step 712, discussed above, of monitoring and controlling auser device during a visit to a site, according to embodiments of thesystem described herein. Other embodiments of a method of monitoring andcontrolling a user device during a visit to a site, for example,variations of the method illustrated by the flowchart 900, are possibleand are intended to fall within the scope of the invention. The methodillustrated by the flowchart 900 may be performed while the user deviceis in active visitor mode.

Processing begins at a step 901 where one or more site capabilities maybe activated, for example, in response to the user completing visitorregistration (e.g., at a reception area). A user visiting a site may bereferred to herein as a visitor. In addition, or alternatively, one ormore site capabilities may be activated, as described in more detailelsewhere herein. Activating site capabilities may include initializinglocation monitoring and tracking of the user device, for example usingWIFI signals, mobile telephony signals, GPS signals and perhaps othertechnology. Furthermore, BT communication may be activated to detect oneor more BT beacons that collectively define a wireless alarm barrier, tobe utilized as described in more detail elsewhere herein. In addition,the user device may be configured with a digital site map on which theposition of one or more things or locations may be marked, which may beused as described in more detail elsewhere herein. In addition, the RFIDNFC reader capabilities maybe be activated to provide access to existinglegacy access systems and/or access to the functions provided throughthing management network.

Following the step 901 is a step 902 where a location of the user devicewithin the site may be monitored and tracked, using WIFI signals, mobiletelephony signals, GPS signals and perhaps other technology, where themonitoring and tracking may have been activated in the step 901. Anyinformation tracked may be stored on a server and/or gateway of thething management network, for example, as a blockchain record of asecure transaction register.

Following the step 902 is a step 903 where it is determined if a visitorhas passed beyond a certain point, or come within a certain distancefrom a location, on a site, for example, using a WIFI signal at areception area, GPS location, strength of mobile telephony signalreceived by one or more base stations or using other networkingtechnologies.

In a response to the determination at the step 903, processing continuesto a step 904 where one or more capabilities (e.g., features) of theuser device may be disabled (e.g., remotely) while one or more othercapabilities of the user device are allowed to remain enabled and/or oneor more capabilities. For example, radio, mobile telephony and/or WIFIcommunication capabilities may be disabled on the user device, whereasother capabilities, for example, GPS, NFC and BT, may remain enabled onthe user device. A location of the user device within or in proximity tothe site may be monitored, and the disabled capabilities may becontrolled to remain disabled until the visitor exits the site or passesbeyond a certain distance from the site. In some embodiments, disablingthe radio, mobile telephony and/or WIFI capabilities may be overriddenon the user device by the visitor to place emergency calls. In someembodiments, overriding may only be allowed if the emergency call itselfdoes not trigger an unsafe/dangerous situation. In some embodiments, thestep 904 may include controlling the user device so that the user deviceis not be capable of being powered down, for example, by the visitor orany other entity, other than the visitor access app, during activevisitor mode. In some embodiments, the user device may be configuredwith an ability to read at least one of a QRC label or RFID UHF tag ongoods or other things while on site.

Following the step 904 is a step 906 where information regarding thesite, including, for example, things within the site and processes to beperformed on site (e.g., using the things) and/or in relation to thesite may be provided (e.g., communicated) to the user device. Theinformation may include one or more access codes to access one or morethings, for example, to unlock one or more locks that provide access toa place (e.g., a door or gate to a restricted area) or to operate acomputer, machine, vehicle or piece of equipment (perhaps for safetyreasons). Such access codes may be displayed to a visitor for manualentry by the visitor or may be automatically applied by the user device.

Following the step 906 is a step 908 where a status of a visitor withrespect to one or more resources on site may be determined. For example,one or more data objects associated with the visitor and/or site may beaccessed, for example, from a gateway and/or server. A person object mayspecify a site object for the site, and one or more process objectsassociated with the person object, and specify one or more roleattributes, these objects and attributes collectively defining one ormore competencies of the visitor with respect to one or more processes(involving one or more things) on the site. A separate company objectmay include one or more site objects, and one or more process objects,product objects, thing objects and rule objects for the company site, inrelation to the one or more processes. The person object and the companyobject may be compared to determine the status of the visitor withrespect to the one or more products, things and processes specified forthe site, for example, the permissions the visitor has with respect toplaces and things on the company site.

Following the step 908 is a step 912 where a proximity of the userdevice (and by inference the user) to an area (e.g., a restricted areaand/or hazardous area) within the site may be determined usinggeo-fencing. In some embodiments, such proximity may be determined bycomparing coordinates of the areas with the current coordinates (e.g.,being tracked using GPS); e.g., by determining a distance between thecoordinates of the area and the current coordinates of user device. Insome embodiments, the proximity of the user device may be determined bythe detection of BT signals being transmitted by BT beacons. Thetransmitters transmitting the BT beacons may have been physicallyarranged, and the properties (e.g., strength) of the signals transmittedtherefrom configured, to create a BT barrier. This BT barrier may definea perimeter of the area or a perimeter proximate to perimeter of thearea.

Following the step 912 is a step 913 where a status of the visitorand/or user device with respect to the area (or more generally the site)may be determined, for example, by accessing one or more pertinent dataobjects (e.g., person object, thing object, site object, company object,etc.) and analyzing and comparing the attribute value of each, includingfor example safety and role attributes, to determine the status of thevisitor and/or the user device with respect to the area. For example,pertinent data objects may define qualifications of a visitor forcertain work with processes or things on a site. The following are someexamples:

-   -   1. A person object may specify qualifications of a person in        detail using the following attributes and objects:        -   a. Role attributes: Comp. Process (specifying processes for            which the person is competent), Safety Operations (e.g.,            according to Zones 0, 1, 2 of the hazardous environments as            classified under NEC 500, NEC 505 and ATEX, which may be            indicated to the user with Red, Yellow, Green Zones.);        -   b. Safety attributes: IMEI, to specify the user device of            the person according to Zones 0, 1, 2 of the hazardous            environments as classified under NEC 500, NEC 505 and ATEX,            which may be indicated to the user with Red, Yellow, or            Green marked user devices.        -   c. Site and Process objects to define the person's detailed            access rights (e.g., via NFC codes, or via QRC labels).    -   2. A process object may specify process requirements in detail        using the following attributes and objects:        -   a. Safety attributes to provide process safety            classifications; and        -   b. Products, things and rules to be applied for the process.    -   3. A company object is used to specify the mobile telephony,        WIFI and geo-fencing attributes for the site, including:        -   a. Site objects specifying technical attributes of            co-ordinations, one or more mobile cell IDs of the site,            etc., Technical co-ordinations and Mobile Cell ID        -   b. Site objects specifying a technical attribute of WIFI ID        -   c. Site objects specifying site maps, geofencing areas and            BT barriers.

It should be appreciated the determination of the status of the visitorand/or the user device with respect to the area may have been performedprior to the detection of proximity to the area.

Following the step 913 is a step 914 where, in some embodiments, inresponse to the detection of the proximity, for example, a restricted orhazardous area (via geo-fencing or a BT barrier), one or more alerts maybe issued. The one or more alerts may include a written electroniccommunication to one or more entities, for example, a gateway and/orserver, security personnel and/or administrators of the site, or to theuser device of the visitor, for example, as an email message, textmessage or other notification that may pop-up on the screen of the userdevice. The one or more alerts may include playing a sound (e.g., aringtone) on the user device or vibrating the user device. The one ormore alerts also may include a sound external to the user device (e.g.,of a horn, buzzer or siren) and/or a visual indication on the physicalpremises (e.g., a blinking light, or the closing or lowering of a door,gate or barrier).

In some embodiments, a gateway may be installed near (e.g., justoutside) of a hazardous or restricted area, and include or be coupled toone or more physical devices (e.g., lights, speakers, doors, gates) thatare physically close to the gateway, and the gateway may control analert being issued using one of the physical devices in response to theabove-described proximity detection.

Whether or not to issue an alert in the step 914, and the type of alertto issue, may depend on a safety classification of the area and a statusof the visitor and/or user device with respect to the classification.For example, a hazardous or restricted area may have a safetyclassification of “Yellow” or “Red” or have no safety classification.Furthermore, the visitor may have a safety attribute object defined withrespect to the site (e.g., in a person object of the visitor associatedwith the site), for example, or “Red”, “Yellow” or none. Similarly, theuser device may have a safety attribute defined for the site as well,e.g., a mobile safety equipment rating of Zone 1 or Zone 2. If thesafety classification of the visitor and user are sufficient (i.e.,qualified for red and yellow access, and the area has a safetyclassification of yellow), then no alert may issue. However, if thevisitor is only qualified (via a safety attribute) for yellow, and thearea has a safety classification of red, an alert may issue. The type(e.g., severity, and whether a sound, visual indication and/orelectronic notification) of the alert may depend on any of: the safetyclassification of the area; the safety qualification of the visitor; thesafety qualification of the user device, the difference (e.g., inpriority/severity between any two of these attributes, and perhaps otherfactors (e.g., time of day, day of week, etc.). The issuance of an alertmay be communicated and stored as a blockchain transaction record to/onone or more components of the thing management network per techniquesdescribed in more detail elsewhere herein.

In some embodiments, issuing alerts may be considered a first line ofdefense in preventing a visitor from access a restricted, perhapsdangerous, area. Other techniques and mechanisms for preventing suchaccess, including locks and/or access codes, may serve as a second (ormore) line of defense.

Following the step 914 is a step 916 where, in some embodiments, inresponse to the detection of the proximity, one or more things in thearea or that allow access to the area (e.g., a lock on a door or gate,or a vehicle, machine or device) may be locked or unlocked. Whether ornot to lock or unlock a lock mechanism may depend on a safetyclassification of the area and a status of the visitor and/or userdevice with respect to the classification, for example, in a mannersimilar to as described above in relation to the step 914.

Following the step 916 is a step 918 where, in some embodiments, inresponse to the detection of proximity of the user device, the visitormay be provided one or more access codes to access the area using theone or more codes, or not be provided the one or more access codes sothat the user cannot access the area. Whether or not to provide theaccess codes may depend on a safety classification of the area and astatus of the visitor and/or user device with respect to theclassification, for example, in a manner similar to as described abovein relation to the step 914.

It should be appreciated that one or more communications transmitted inconnection with the method illustrated by the flowchart 900 may betransmitted as block chain transactions, for example, in accordance withthe streamlined blockchain communication sequence.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart 1000 illustrating managing a visitor's departurefrom a site, according to embodiments of the system described herein.The managing of a departure of a visitor from a site may include, forexample, exiting active visitor mode.

Processing begins at a step 1002 where it may be detected that the userdevice is leaving the site. For example, monitoring the location of theuser on the site may reveal that the visitor is approaching an exitand/or a reception or lobby of the site. For example, a gateway in areception area or at a security gate may include a BT of WIFI devicethat detects when the user device of the visitor is approaching and/orhas reached a predetermined distance from a gate, door, reception areaor other point on the site.

Following the step 1002 is a step 1004 where the user device may berestored to a state of the user device that existed prior to enteringthe site. For example, any capabilities that were disabled when enteringthe site may be re-enabled. A transaction may have been recorded of thecapabilities that were enabled or disabled upon arrival at the siteand/or actions that were taken with respect to same. The transactionrecord may have been stored securely on the user device or remotely at agateway and/or server, for example, as blockchain transaction record.This transaction record may be accessed as part of the step 1004 todetermine how to restore the user device capabilities.

Following the step 1004 is a step 1006 where the departure of thevisitor from the site may be recorded. For example, a gateway devicelocated on the site (e.g., at or near the reception area), or the userdevice itself, or a monitoring device 123 that is designed according toFIG. 2 and contains an RFID NFC reader used as the sensor 220communicating via RFID NFC, may exchange one or more communications witha server (e.g., in accordance with the streamlined blockchaincommunication sequence) resulting in a transaction record of the visitordeparting the site being recorded in a secure transaction register. Insome embodiments, in addition to the departure itself being recorded,information detected or determined (e.g., by the user device) during thevisit, but not reported to a gateway and/or server during the visit, maybe reported to the gateway and/or server and recorded, for example, in asame or similar manner as the reporting and recording of the visitor'sdeparture.

Following the step 1006 is a step 1008 where, in some embodiments, theuser device may continue to be monitored. For example, in someembodiments, the user of the user device may be involved in thetransportation of goods or some other activity (e.g., which may bedefined by a process object) for which it is desirable to continue totrack the location of the user and/or the state of the goods, userdevice, monitoring or other thing involved in the transportation of thegood (e.g., container, tank, pallet, packaging) even after the user hasleft the site. For example, the user may be a truck driver whotransports goods to/from the site.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart 1100 illustrating managing a visitor outside aphysical area according to embodiments of the system described herein.At a first step, the visitor is detected as approaching the physicalarea, which may be a company site. The visitor may be a truck driverbring goods/supplies to the site. The detection may be provided by anyappropriate mechanism, including mechanisms described herein. Forexample, the user mobile device may have already been registered withthe system (i.e., remotely pre-registered prior to a visit) and thesystem may detect the specific user mobile device using GPS and the IMEIof the mobile device. Following the step 1102 is a step 1104 wherecommunication is established with the user mobile device using, forexample, a special application on the user mobile device that isprovided and configured to exchange data with the system. Communicationmay be established using any appropriate mechanism, including mechanismsdiscussed herein, and the user mobile device may access the system usingRESTful API calls. In some embodiments, the visitor enters credentialsto the special application to provide authentication.

Following the step 1104 is a step 1106 where the system exchangesinformation with the user mobile device of the visitor. Informationprovided by the user mobile device may be anything, including, forexample, information about the visitor, remote executed activities ofthe visitor, remote data, information about localization of the usermobile device, third party information to complement and improvescheduling of the visitor, load information indicating material beingtransported by the visitor to the physical area, a bill of lading, acertificate of analysis, and/or safety data sheets. Information may beexchanged using a blockchain or a hash of data corresponding to theinformation. Interaction times of the visitor corresponding to timesthat the visitor interacts with the special application may be recorded.Following the step 1106 is a step 1108 where the visitor isregistered/scheduled. The system may schedule a visit by the visitor inresponse to the special application transmitting to the system, within adefined time interval, data heartbeats containing localization data. Thesystem thus knows the location of the visitor and can estimate a time ofarrival.

It should be appreciated that, at any point in time of the performanceof methods illustrated by the flowcharts 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 aninventory of visitor information for any site may be taken, for example,from an inventory application of the transformation layer 102 of a thingmanagement system. For example, a request or query may be submitted froma user device to an inventory application, and the inventory applicationmay provide the requested information. For example, access statusinformation of one or more visitors to a site may include any of thefollowing:

-   -   IMEI of the user device of the visitor and the safety        classification of the user device, e.g.: Red, Yellow, Green.    -   Any information specified by the person object for the visitor,        including, for example, processes for which the person is        qualified.    -   Site enter/Exit records of the visitor    -   Alarms the Person has caused    -   Site map records of the visitor    -   Hazardous operations (e.g., alerts, locks, access codes)        executed by the visitor on site

It should be appreciated that methods illustrated by the flowcharts 700,800, 900, 1000, 1100, one or more steps thereof and/or portions of thesteps may be performed at least in part by the visitor access app 147 inconjunction with one or more other components of the user device 141,for example the security module 142, as well as in conjunction with oneor more other components of the thing management network, for example,the gateway 120, one or more components of the service layer 110, andone or more components of the transformation layer 102, for example, oneor more visitor access management application 104 (e.g., server portionsthereof), transaction data management applications and/or safetymanagement applications.

Various embodiments discussed herein may be combined with each other inappropriate combinations in connection with the system described herein.Additionally, in some instances, the order of steps in the flowcharts,flow diagrams and/or described flow processing may be modified, whereappropriate. Further, various aspects of the system described herein maybe implemented using software, firmware, hardware, a combination ofsoftware, firmware and/or hardware and/or other computer-implementedmodules or devices having the described features and performing thedescribed functions.

Software implementations of the system described herein may includeexecutable code that is stored on one or more computer readable mediaand executed by one or more processors. Each of the one or more computerreadable media may be non-transitory and include a computer hard drive,ROM, RAM, flash memory, portable computer storage media such as aCD-ROM, a DVD-ROM, a flash drive, an SD card and/or other drive with,for example, a universal serial bus (USB) interface, and/or any otherappropriate tangible or non-transitory computer readable medium orcomputer memory on which executable code may be stored and executed by aprocessor. In some embodiments of the system described herein, one ormore computer media may be, include, or be included within a securitymodule (which may include a TPM or SE) of a server, gateway, monitoringdevice, user device or other component of a thing management network, asdescribed in more detail elsewhere herein, providing a secureenvironment for storing, executing and updating software implementationsof the system described herein. The system described herein may be usedin connection with any appropriate operating system.

Other embodiments of the system described herein will be apparent tothose skilled in the art from a consideration of the specification orpractice of the system disclosed herein. It is intended that thespecification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with thetrue scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the followingclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of issuing an alert with respect to afirst physical area, comprising: determining a location of a mobile userdevice of a user with respect to the first physical area controlled by afirst entity; following determining the current location, remotelyconfiguring the mobile user device to detect when the mobile user deviceis within a predefined proximity to one or more second physical areaswithin the first physical area; determining a safety classification ofthe user; determining a safety classification of the one or more secondphysical areas; and issuing the alert to one or more parties based ondetecting that the user device is within the predefined proximity andbased on a comparison of the safety classification of the user and thesafety classification of the one or more second physical areas.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: marking coordinates of the one ormore second areas on a digital site map of the first physical area,wherein detecting that the user device is within the predefinedproximity includes determining coordinates of the mobile user devicerelative to the digital site map using a communication network andcomparing the determined coordinates of the mobile user device to thecoordinates of the one or more second areas.
 3. The method of claim 2,wherein the communication network is one of: GPS or Glonas.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: placing one or more wirelessbeacons that transmit beacon signals relative to the one or more secondphysical areas, wherein detecting that the user device is within thepredefined proximity includes the mobile user device detecting at leastone of the beacon signals transmitted from the one or more wirelessbeacons.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein placing the one or morewireless beacons includes placing a plurality of wireless beacons sothat the beacon signals transmitted by the plurality of wireless beaconsdefine a wireless detection barrier relative to the one or more secondphysical areas.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: recordingthe issuing of the alert as a transaction as part of a blockchain. 7.The method of claim 1, wherein issuing the alert includes alerting oneor more representatives of the first entity.
 8. The method of claim 1,wherein issuing the alert includes alerting the user.
 9. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: accessing a secure component that providesa secure platform having stored thereon at least one block chaincredential for authorizing the mobile user device to communicate blockchain transactions with one or more components affiliated with the firstentity; and the mobile user device using the block chain credential tocommunicate block chain transactions with the one or more components inconnection with issuing the alert.
 10. The method of claim 9, whereinthe secure component is contained within a dongle locally coupled to themobile user device.
 11. A system that issues an alert with respect to afirst physical area, the system having means that perform one or more ofthe steps according to claim
 1. 12. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: determining a security classification of the user;determining a security classification of the one or more second physicalareas; and issuing the alert to the one or more parties based ondetecting that the user device is within the predefined proximity andbased on a comparison of the security classification of the user and thesecurity classification of the one or more second physical areas.
 13. Anon-transitory computer-readable medium containing software that issuesan alert with respect to a first physical area, the software comprising:executable code that determines a location of a mobile user device of auser with respect to the first physical area controlled by a firstentity; executable code that remotely configures the mobile user deviceto detect when the mobile user device is within a predefined proximityto one or more second physical areas within the first physical areafollowing determining the current location; executable code thatdetermines a safety classification of the user; executable code thatdetermines a safety classification of the one or more second physicalareas; and executable code that issues the alert to one or more partiesbased on detecting that the user device is within the predefinedproximity and based on a comparison of the safety classification of theuser and the safety classification of the one or more second physicalareas.
 14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13,coordinates of the one or more second areas are marked on a digital sitemap of the first physical area and wherein detecting that the userdevice is within the predefined proximity includes determiningcoordinates of the mobile user device relative to the digital site mapusing a communication network and comparing the determined coordinatesof the mobile user device to the coordinates of the one or more secondareas.
 15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14,wherein the communication network is one of: GPS or Glonas.
 16. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein one or morewireless beacons that transmit beacon signals are placed relative to theone or more second physical areas and wherein detecting that the userdevice is within the predefined proximity includes the mobile userdevice detecting at least one of the beacon signals transmitted from theone or more wireless beacons.
 17. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 16, wherein placing the one or more wireless beaconsincludes placing a plurality of wireless beacons so that the beaconsignals transmitted by the plurality of wireless beacons define awireless detection barrier relative to the one or more second physicalareas.
 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13,further comprising: executable code that records the issuing of thealert as a transaction as part of a blockchain.
 19. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 13, further comprising: executablecode that accesses a secure component that provides a secure platformhaving stored thereon at least one block chain credential forauthorizing the mobile user device to communicate block chaintransactions with one or more components affiliated with the firstentity, wherein the mobile user device uses the block chain credentialto communicate block chain transactions with the one or more componentsin connection with issuing the alert.
 20. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the secure component iscontained within a dongle locally coupled to the mobile user device. 21.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, furthercomprising: executable code that determines a security classification ofthe user; executable code that determines a security classification ofthe one or more second physical areas; and executable code that issuesthe alert to the one or more parties based on detecting that the userdevice is within the predefined proximity and based on a comparison ofthe security classification of the user and the security classificationof the one or more second physical areas.